Measuring energy efficiency financing: a way forward for reducing energy poverty through financial inclusion in OECD.

This paper seeks to examine the effect of financial inclusion on energy efficiency financing to limit energy poverty in OECD. The study uses 1998-2018 for the OECD economy to connect the nexus between financial inclusion, energy efficiency and poverty indices, country-wise GDP, and financial inclusion index. The findings show that a financial inclusion 1% increase improves 14% energy efficiency, and this energy efficiency lowers energy poverty by 28%. These results are deduced via the entropy technique and compatible with prior research on energy efficiency and poverty. This study illustrates the different policy changes that may be implemented based on the resultant deductions. The energy efficiency indices are affected by FI substantially, albeit in various ways. Unsustainable financial inclusion increases energy costs, but not to the level of energy use and environmental severe pollution. The increasing concern about environmental contamination should show in the energy industry of OECD.

Assessing the role of financial inclusion and financial development to improve energy and environmental efficiency.

Environmental concerns are increasingly assuming prominence across the globe. Undesirable output such as carbon dioxide is the end-product of desirable productivity in energy and environmental measurement. Therefore, the current study uses data envelopment analysis to measure the energy and environmental efficiency of developed and developing countries from 2001 to 2020. In order to incentivize environmentally benign generation, undesirable outputs ought to be coupled in the evaluation of the performance of countries. One of the widely acclaimed approaches for evaluating efficiency is the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Within this analysis, the traditional modeling in data envelopment analysis is expanded to incorporate a novel framework for efficiency evaluation amongst undesirable outputs. The novel efficiency estimate is extra robust, plus gives more extraordinary differentiating ability. The findings highlighted that the environmental efficiency was essentially minimal, whiles their spatial attributes increased in the East and decreased in the West, beyond more significant in the South as well as lower in the North. The findings equally show that Iceland obtained a perfect efficiency score of one for energy and environmental efficiency owing greatly to its reliance on geothermal energy which is emission-free energy. The finding is in line with the reality that the twofold data envelopment analysis model compares DMUo with the entire decision-making units in the technology, plus not only with empirical decision-making units.

Energy policy and financial performance in China: mediation effect of financial inclusion.

The issues of cleaner production and socioeconomic advancements have taken a central stage due to the dynamism of the correlation between energy use and ecology. Given this background, the research delves into how to construct a framework to unravel diverse understandings of energy policy vis-a-vis green economy by examining the mediating role of financial inclusion. The analysis applied a non-radial DEA and longitudinal dataset model for the scenarios of thirty regions in China, relying on their longitudinal dataset from 2010-2017. The findings indicate that the Chinese regions' total green economic performance indicator (EPI) has advanced by 9.88% between 2010 and 2017. In addition, the econometric analyses prove that regional renewable energy policies and pollution abatement programs explicitly influence the improvement of the environmental performance index. Again, the results show that the probability figures of the individual specific limit equation and the dual limit values crossed the 1% significance analysis level simultaneously, indicating a dual limit impact. 0.74 to 1 is the range that marks the green EPI for Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong, Hainan, Zhejiang, Shanghai and Fujian. Ultimately, the analysis serves as a policy inference tool for policy formulators and regulators on encouraging green economic performance in China.

How energy insecurity leads to energy poverty? Do environmental consideration and climate change concerns matters.

The aim of the study is to estimate the nexus between energy insecurity and energy poverty with the role of climate change and other environmental concerns. We used DEA like WP methods and properties of MCDA, a most common form of data envelopment analysis (DEA) to estimate the nexus between constructs. This paper presents a measurement and analysis of G7 countries' energy, economic, social, and environmental performance associated with energy poverty indexes. The study used the multiple, comprehensive, and relevant set of indicators, including energy economics and environmental consideration of energy poverty. The net energy consumption of al G7 economies is equal to 34 percent of the entire world along with the net estimate GDP score of around 50 percent. Using DEA modelling and estimation technique, our research presented valuable insights for readers, theorists and policy makers on energy, environment, energy poverty and climate change mitigation. For this reasons, all these indicators combined in a mathematical composite indicator to measure energy, economic, social, and environmental performance index (EPI). Results show that Canada has the highest EPII score, which shows that Canada's capacity to deal with energy self-sufficiency, economic development, and environmental performance is greater than the other G7 countries. France and Italy rank second and third. Japan comes next with 0.50 EPI scores, while the USA has the lowest average EPI score environment vulnerable even though have higher economic development among the G7 group countries. We suggest a policy framework to strengthen the subject matter of the study.

Assessing the mechanism of barriers towards green finance and public spending in small and medium enterprises from developed countries.

Due to their different abilities to improve financial growth and improve social development, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been referred to as the economy's backbone. Small- and medium-sized enterprises are crucial for both high- and low-income nations' financial development. Customers grow more conscious of their purchase choices, preferences, and environmental consequences. The financial opportunities for SMEs in the United Arab Emirates to use green innovation methods to address potential obstacles for increasing green goods, processes, and management are examined in this paper; as a result, it is critical to reduce clean technology adoption constraints in small- and medium-sized businesses. To identify significant hurdles, sub-barriers, and ways to overcome impediments to green innovation in the United Arab Emirates, we apply an integrated decision process. Following a detailed literature analysis and the assistance of twelve experts, six primary obstacles, twenty-five sub-obstacles, and strategies to reduce the barriers were identified. Primary and sub-barriers were assessed using the FAHP. The (FTOPSIS) approach was used to rank the strategies. Five SMEs in the United Arab Emirates are putting the suggested integrated decision model to the test. "Financial investment levels 0.646 to 11 percent growth level," according to the FAHP, are the most significant hurdles to SMEs adopting green practices. This research demonstrated a considerable beneficial association between SMEs and financial development and funding in the United Arab Emirates. According to this study, using research methodologies to provide green innovation in SMEs is the best strategy to overcome green innovation and adoption hurdles in small and medium firms and increasing their economics.

Measuring energy and environmental efficiency interactions towards CO2 emissions reduction without slowing economic growth in central and western Europe.

Given the economic growth and energy consumption patterns, most countries are striving to solve the problems of CO2 emissions reduction to achieve sustainable development. This paper employs an improved DEA model to measure energy and environmental efficiency for some selected countries in central and western Europe. In addition, the DEA window evaluation technique is applied to measure cross-sectional efficiency using two inputs (energy consumption, labor force), a desirable output (gross domestic product), and an undesirable output (CO2 emission) for the period from 2010 to 2014. The study finds that the UK ranks the highest position in term of energy and environmental efficiency. This shows that the UK has more effective policies regarding energy efficiency, consumption, production, import and energy intensity measures for sustainable economic growth as well as environmental protection. Ireland is the second-best country after the United Kingdom. The efficiency scores of the two countries are 0.99 and 0.89 respectively. On the empirical outcomes, this study suggests effective reforms in energy sector for countries with less energy efficiency that are still facing the problem of environmental degradation.

Scaling up renewable energy in Africa: measuring wind energy through econometric approach.

Wind energy continues to make inroads in Africa due to falling costs and technological advancements. Most African countries are planning, exsiccating and connecting their renewable energy projects with national grid system with giving high propriety to energy security, sustainable energy consumption and low carbon emission. Many policies have been enacted by countries to promote the scaling up of wind energy and renewable energy in particular, across the globe. However, these policies have mixed effects on the deployment of wind energy. For this purpose, current study used panel data and fixed effects model for 17 African countries with wind installed generation capacity to determine the driver of wind energy development on the African continent between 2008 and 2017. The variables were grouped into three thematic areas: policy, socioeconomic, and country-specific factors. After conducting the analysis, socioeconomic variables (GDP, CO2, energy use) and energy security variables (energy import, electricity consumption) have significant effects in determining the scaling up of wind energy in Africa. However, the policy variables of FITs, licensing during, and Tax did not have significant effects on wind energy capacity addition for the case of Africa. This study adds to the drivers of nascent wind energy deployment literature in Africa. This study suggests that set of effecitive policies are deem necessary to scale up wind energy in Africa.

Assessing the impacts of globalization and gender parity on economic growth: empirical evidence from OIC countries.

The contemporary debate on globalization and gender equality has a strong impact on economic growth. The present study analyzes the impacts of globalization and gender parity on economic growth in the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) 47 member countries for the period (1991-2017), using System GMM panel data technique. The results of system GMM have also been empirically estimated by making two groups (viz., low-income and high-income OIC member countries from the World Bank data classification, 2019) to examine the robustness of globalization and gender parity on economic growth. The results reveal that there is a negative impact of globalization on economic growth in the overall sample of OIC countries. When estimated by decomposing low-income countries and high-income countries, globalization has a significantly positive impact on economic growth in the case of high-income OIC countries, whereas globalization slashes GDP in the case of low-income OIC countries. The study finds that there is a positive impact of gender parity (ratio of female to male labor force work participation) on economic growth. Moreover, foreign remittances, government expenditures, capital formation, and human capital are also becoming the causes of a significant increase in economic growth in OIC member countries.

Economics of energy and environmental efficiency: evidence from OECD countries.

The purpose of this research is to determine the efficiency of energy usage and its role in carbon dioxide emissions (CI) and economic-environmental efficiency (EEE) for some countries Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economies. For environment quality assessment, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to assess the data cover the period from 2013 to 2017. In this study, primary energy consumption (PEC) and population are two basic inputs along with gross domestic product (GDP) and carbon dioxide emissions that are desirable and undesirable  outputs, respectively. The practical outcomes illustrate that Brunei, Australia, Singapore, and Hong Kong are the most effective and efficient states for the 5 years periods (2013-2017) in terms of energy efficiency and to reduce emission of carbon dioxide. In addition, other states in the OECD region shows greater economic proficiency than environmental proficiency. Furthermore, the results shows that energy efficiency has strong bonding with carbon emissions; however there is a weaker association between economic-environmental efficiency. Thus, the attainment of optimal level of energy efficiency could be more pivotal than economic efficiency to improve environmental efficiency in countries from the OECD region.