Estado emocional y auto-percepción maternal de mujeres presas con sus hijos en Uruguay / Emotional state and maternal self-perception of imprisoned mothers together with their children in Uruguay / Estat emocional i autopercepció maternal de dones preses amb fills a l’Uruguai

Este estudio tuvo como objetivos describir algunos aspectos sociodemográficos de 17 mujeres que convivían con sus hijos en la cárcel en Montevideo y comparar sus niveles de sintomatología ansiosa y depresiva, así como la percepción de su maternidad, entre aquellas que informaron haber padecido abuso sexual en la infancia y/o en la adolescencia (el 41 %) y las que no lo hicieron. Los niveles de ansiedad de rasgo y de sintomatología depresiva fueron significativamente mayores en las primeras. Ninguno de los indicadores asociados con la percepción de actitudes maternales difirió entre ambos grupos. Estos resultados sugieren que el abuso sexual influye de forma negativa en el estado emocional de las madres sin afectar la percepción de su maternidad

This study aimed to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of 17 women incarcerated with their children in Montevideo and to compare their levels of anxiety, the depressive symptoms and their perception of mothering, among those who reported sexual abuse during their childhood and/or adolescence and those who didn't. Forty one percent of the mothers reported sexual abuse during childhood and/or adolescence showing significantly higher levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms, compared to those who did not report any kind of abuse. The perception of motherhood did not differ between the groups. This study shows that the early experiences of sexual abuse increase anxiety and depressive symptoms without affecting the perception of mothering in imprisoned women with children

Aquest estudi té com a ob­jectius descriure alguns aspectes socio-demográfics de 17 dones que convivien amb els seus fills a la presó a Montevideo I comparar els seus nivells de simptomatologia ansiosa I depressiva, així com la percepció de la seva maternitat, entre aquelles que van informar haver patit abús sexual a la infantesa i/o adolescència (el 41 %) I les que no ho van fer. Els nivells d'ansietat de tret I de simptomatologia depressiva van ser significativament més grans en les primeres. Cap dels indicadors associats amb la percepció d'actituds maternals va diferir entre els dos grups. Aquests resultats suggereixen que l'abús sexual influeix de manera negativa en l'estat emocional de les mares sense afectar la percepció de la seva maternitat

Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the incidence of pneumonia in hospitalized children after five years of its introduction in Uruguay.

BACKGROUND: Data on the burden of pneumococcal disease and the most frequent serotypes demonstrated that invasive disease and pneumonia were important manifestations affecting children under 5 years of age. Therefore, pneumococcal diseases prevention became a public health priority. Uruguay was the first Latin American country to incorporate PCV7 into its National Immunization Program. The aim of this study is to compare the incidence rates for hospitalized pneumonia in children from the pre PCV introduction period and the following five years of PCVs application in Uruguay. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Population-based surveillance of pneumonia hospitalization rates, in children, less than 14 years of age, had been performed prior pneumococcal vaccination, and continued following PCV7 introduction and PCV13 replacement, using the same methodology. Hospitalized children with pneumonia were enrolled from January 1, 2009 through December 31st, 2012. The study was carried out in an area with a population of 238,002 inhabitants of whom 18, 055 were under five years of age. Patients with acute lower respiratory infections for whom a chest radiograph was performed on admission were eligible. Digitalized radiographs were interpreted by a reference radiologist, using WHO criteria. Pneumonia was confirmed in 2,697 patients, 1,267 with consolidated and 1,430 with non consolidated pneumonia of which incidence decrease, between 2009 and 2012, was 27.3% and 46.4% respectively. 2001-2004 and 2009-2012 comparison showed a significant difference of 20.4% for consolidated pneumonia hospitalizations. A significant incidence decline was recorded among children 6 to 35 months of age. CONCLUSIONS: An overall significant reduction in pneumonia hospitalizations was observed following the introduction of PCV7 and furthermore following the change to PCV13.

Hospitalized children with pneumonia in Uruguay: pre and post introduction of 7 and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugated vaccines into the National Immunization Program.

INTRODUCTION: Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia burden in children was poorly defined in Uruguay. A three-year population-based surveillance demonstrated the impact of the pneumonia in hospitalized children of less than five years of age. To control these diseases in March 2008, Uruguayan health authorities decided to incorporate PCV7 to the National Immunization Program administered at 2, 4 and 12 months of age (2+1 schedule). OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of consolidated pneumonia hospitalization in children less than five years of age before and after pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation. METHODS: Same methodology of the prevaccination study was employed. The surveillance was carried out at the same four hospitals covering a population of 229,128 inhabitants (2004 Census) of whom 10.2% were under five years of age. Clinical data, vaccination status and digitization of their chest X-rays were recorded. A pediatric radiologist blinded to the clinical diagnosis interpreted the digital images according WHO definitions. Bacterial etiology was investigated in blood and/or in pleural fluid. RESULTS: Between January 1st 2009 and June 30th 2011 patients were enrolled. Out of 23,445 children<5 years of age, 1224 were hospitalized with pneumonia (430 consolidated pneumonias and 794 non consolidated pneumonias). Pleural effusion was recorded in 89 patients. In 48 consolidated pneumonias S. pneumoniae etiology was recognized. Post vaccination incidence rate of consolidated pneumonia in patients aged 12-23 months showed a significant reduction (44.9%) if we compare it with the incidence of pneumonia hospitalization in the previous study. In March 2010, PCV13 replaced PCV7. Compliance of PCV7/13 globally was 92% but the vaccination status varied among the surveyed patients because two catch-ups were carried out in addition to the routine cohort vaccination. From 2009 1st semester to 2011 1st semester incidence rates decline reached 59%. CONCLUSION: To date, the ongoing surveillance documented a significant decline on incidence of hospitalizations for consolidated pneumonia in children younger than 24 months of age, confirming the success of the 2+1 vaccination schedule.

Sífilis congénita: auditorías en tiempo real / Congenital syphilis: real-time audits

Introducción: en el Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell se registró un aumento progresivo de gestantes y recién nacidos (RN) con prueba de detección para sífilis (VDRL) reactivos. Frentea esa situación el Programa Nacional de Salud de la Niñez realizó una investigación para identificar los factores contribuyentes a la ocurrencia de sífilis congénita (SC) medianteauditorías de historias clínicas.Material y método: es un trabajo descriptivo cuya fuente de datos fueron la historia clínica del binomio madre-hijo complementada por el interrogatorio a madres y médicos tratantes. En cuatro meses de auditoría (octubre 2007 - enero 2008) se identificaron a todos los RN con VDRL reactivos y sus madres. La información se incorporó a una base de datos en EpiInfo 6.4. Resultados: se captaron 58 RN correspondientes a 56 madres. Los antecedentes maternospermitieron considerar la reactividad serológica de 12 RN como un recuerdo inmunológico. Diez gestantes infectadas no tuvieron controles prenatales y en otras 12 se comprobó la infección pero no fueron tratadas. Se infectaron o reinfectaron en el último trimestre 24(52,2%) de las gestantes. Relataron episodios de sífilis anteriores 41,9% y problemas tales como abortos, óbitos, bajo peso. Cinco de los RN presentaron manifestaciones clínicas o paraclínicas de SC. Estos y los RN con SC probable recibieron penicilina durante diez días.Los servicios responsables no lograron captar las parejas sexuales y sólo notificaron 44% de las SC.Conclusiones: las auditorías ampliaron la información, evidenciando debilidades en los registros, fallas en los controles prenatales, frecuencia de reinfecciones y subnotificación de los casos de SC.

Introduction: a progressive increase in VDRL positive pregnant women and newborns was registered at thePereira Rossell Hospital Center. For this reason the Programa Nacional de Salud de la Niñez (ChildrenÆs Health National Programme) conducted research to identify the factors that contribute to congenital syphilis by auditing medical histories. Method: we conducted a descriptive study based on the information arising from the mother-child binomial medical record and on interviews to mothers and treatingdoctors. For four months (October 2007-January 2008) we identified all VDRL positive newborns and their mothers.Data were analyzed with EpiInfo 6.4. software. Results: we found 58 newborns that corresponded to56 mothers. Maternal precedents led us to consider serologic activity in 12 newborns as an immune memory. Tenpregnant women had no prenatal controls and infection was proved in other 12 women, although they were nottreated. 24 (52.2%) were infected or re-infected in the last trimester. 41.9% informed about previous episodes ofsyphilis and problems such as abortions, fetal death or low weight. Five newborns presented clinical or para-clinical manifestations of congenital syphilis. The latter and the newborns with probable congenital syphilis weretreated with penicillin for ten days. Responsible services failed to reach sexual partners and only reported 44% of congenital syphilis. Conclusions: audits provided more information, evidencing weaknesses in records, failures in prenatal controls, re-infection frequency and the fact that CS is underreported.

Introdução: no Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell foi registrado um aumento progressivo de gestantes e recémnascidos (RN) com exames para diagnóstico de sífilis (VDRL) positivos. Por essa razão o Programa Nacional deSaúde da Criança realizou uma auditoria de prontuários de pacientes para identificar os fatores que favoreciam oaparecimento de casos de sífilis congênita (SC). Material e método: este é um estudo descritivo realizado com dados obtidos dos prontuários de paciente do binômio mãe-filho complementada com perguntas realizadas a mães e médicos. Foram identificados todos os RN com VDRL positivos e suas mães durante os quatro meses de auditoria (outubro 2007 - janeiro 2008). Os dados foram registrados em uma base de dados no programa EpiInfo 6.4. Resultados: foram identificados 58 RN correspondentesa 56 mães. Os antecedentes maternos possibilitaram considerar a reação sorológica de 12 RN como memóriaimunológica. Dez gestantes portadoras de sífilis não haviam realizado controles pré-natais e em outras 12 a infecção foi diagnosticada, porém não foram tratadas. Vinte e quatro gestantes (52,2%) foram infectadas ou reinfectadas no último trimestre de gestação. 41,9% informaram episódios anteriores de sífilis e problemas como abortos, mortes e baixo peso. Cinco RN apresentaram manifestações clínicas ou laboratoriais de SC. Estes RN e os que eram portadores prováveis de SC foram tratados com penicilina durante 10 dias. Os serviços de saúde não puderam captar os parceiros sexuais e somente 44% deles foram notificados.Conclusões: as auditorias permitiram ter acesso a mais informação mostrando debilidades nos registros, falhas nos controles pré-natais, freqüência de reinfecções e subnotificação de casos de SC.

Pneumococcal pneumonia in hospitalized Uruguayan children and potential prevention with different vaccine formulations.

OBJECTIVES: To provide information on pneumococcal pneumonias, on their associated serotypes, and to estimate the coverage potentially afforded by antipneumococcal vaccines. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective study (2000 to 2004) was performed of patients with pneumococcal pneumonia aged 0 to 14 years admitted to the National Reference Children's Hospital in Uruguay. Selected clinical data, radiographic interpretation, and microbiologic reports were obtained for analysis. RESULTS: Of 410 enrolled patients, 384 had consolidated pneumonia/pleural effusion and 26 had infiltrates without consolidation: Pneumococcus was identified in blood or in pleural fluid of 387 patients; 21 serotypes were identified. The most frequent serotypes in decreasing order were serotypes 14, 1, 5, 3, 9V, 6B, and 7F. Forty-eight percent of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were obtained from children younger than 24 months. For this group, the 7-valent vaccine would cover 60%, but a 10-valent vaccine would cover 83.8%. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides information on pneumonia of proven S. pneumoniae causes and their associated serotypes, enabling estimation of potential effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

A population-based assessment of the disease burden of consolidated pneumonia in hospitalized children under five years of age.

BACKGROUND: Population-based studies on childhood community-acquired pneumonia are scarce in Latin America. Pneumococcal epidemiology is poorly defined, hence the World Health Organization recommended standardized chest radiograph interpretation to improve the approach to bacterial pneumonia. Therefore, our study aimed to estimate the burden of pneumonia in hospitalized children. METHODS: A three-year surveillance study was carried out in four hospitals covering a population of 229,128 inhabitants of whom 10.2% were under five years of age. Clinical records and digitization of their chest radiographs were obtained. A pediatrician and a pediatric radiologist blinded to the clinical diagnosis interpreted the digital images. RESULTS: Of 2034 patients, 826 (40.6%) had consolidated pneumonia, 941 (46.3%) had non-consolidated pneumonia, and 267 (13.1%) had no pneumonia. Children under two years of age predominated (66.9%). The average annual incidence rate for consolidated pneumonia over the three-year study period was 1175/10(5). Eighteen invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae were isolated from patients with consolidated pneumonia and two from those with non-consolidated pneumonia. Respiratory syncytial virus was evenly distributed between both X-ray groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients younger than two years of age predominated, being the main targets for anti-pneumococcal conjugated vaccines. Incidence rates provided evidence of the burden of consolidated pneumonia for childhood, estimating the potential benefits of vaccination.

Neumonía comunitaria: su impacto en la demanda asistencial del Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrica

Resumen Objetivos: determinar la demanda de atención de las infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA) en el Departamento de Emergencia (DEP), y dentro de éstas analizar la frecuencia y manejo terapéutico de las neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad que se hospitalizan y aquellas que reciben tratamiento ambulatorio. Material y método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo: prospectivo de registro de consultas por IRA en los diferentes sectores del DEP y retrospectivo de revisión de historias de neumonías. Se incluyeron historias consecutivas de casos ocurridos en tres trimestres de verano y tres de invierno entre 2001 y 2003. Se analizó su frecuencia según edad, sexo, procedencia, características radiográficas y manejo hospitalizado o ambulatorio. Resultados: en el DEP se registró un promedio anual de 59.812 pacientes, de los cuales 31,2% cursaban algún tipo de IRA, correspondiendo 85,9% a infecciones altas y 14,1% a bajas. De éstas, se analizaron 2.053 historias de neumonía. La media de edad fue de tres años. La mayoría de los pacientes que residían en la capital o en su área de influencia (96,3%) fueron tratados ambulatoriamente (61,0%). La decisión de hospitalización se realizó en todos los casos de neumonía con derrame, en 34,8% de los pacientes con consolidación radiológica y en 24,8% de los pacientes con infiltrados. Se indicaron antibióticos en 87,4% de los casos. Conclusiones: las IRA y las neumonías representaron una demanda de atención importante, pero la mayoría de las neumonías, inclusive las con consolidación parenquimatosa, fueron tratadas ambulatoriamente. Futuros estudios confirmarán la efectividad de esos tratamientos, y el costo-efectividad de vacunas antineumococo.

Summary Objectives: to determine the demand of acute respiratory tract infections in the emergency department and analyze its frequency, treatment and the need of hospitalization. Methods: a descriptive prospective study registering respiratory tract infections consults at the emergency department was realized. A retrospective review analizing previous stories of pneumonias was also done. Consecutive cases which occured in three summers and winters trimesters between 2001 and 2003 were included. Frequency according to age, sex, chest x-ray characteristics, patients origin and management either ambulatory or hospitalized were analyzed. Results: in the emergency department there are 59.812 consultations anually, 31,2% had respiratory tract infections. 85,9% were upper tract infections and 14,1% were from the lower tract. 2.053 pneumonia stories were analyzed. The medium age was 3 years old. Most patients who resided at the urban area or its surroundings (96,3%) were treated ambulatory (61%). Hospitalized patients included all patients with pleural fluid; 34% who had in the chest x-ray a consolidated image and in 24,8% who had a diffuse infiltrate. Antibiotics were administered in 87,4% of the cases. Conclusions: pneumonias and respiratory tract infections represent an important demand but the majority even with a consolidated image were treated at home. Future studies are needed in order to conclude the effectiveness of the treatment and the benefits from the pneumococcal vaccine.