A Pediatric Sedation Protocol for Mechanically Ventilated Patients Requires Sustenance Beyond Implementation.

OBJECTIVES: To reevaluate the effect of a nursing-driven sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated patients on analgesic and sedative medication dosing durations. We hypothesized that lack of continued quality improvement efforts results in increased sedation exposure, as well as mechanical ventilation days, and ICU length of stay. DESIGN: Quasi-experimental, uncontrolled before-after study. SETTING: Forty-five-bed tertiary care, medical-surgical-cardiac PICU in a metropolitan university-affiliated children's hospital. PATIENTS: Children requiring mechanical ventilation longer than 48 hours not meeting exclusion criteria. INTERVENTIONS: During both the intervention and postintervention periods, analgesia and sedation were managed by nurses following an algorithm-based sedation protocol with a targeted comfort score. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The intervention cohort includes patients admitted during a 12-month period following initial protocol implementation in 2008-2009 (n = 166). The postintervention cohort includes patients meeting identical inclusion and exclusion criteria admitted during a 12-month period in 2012-2013 (n = 93). Median duration of total sedation days (IV plus enteral) was 5 days for the intervention period and 10 days for the postintervention period (p < 0.0001). The postintervention cohort received longer duration of mechanical ventilation (6 vs 5 d; p = 0.0026) and ICU length of stay (10 vs 8.5 d; p = 0.0543). After adjusting for illness severity and cardiac and surgical status, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis demonstrated that at any point in time, patients in the postintervention group were 58% more likely to be receiving sedation (hazard ratio, 1.58; p < 0.001) and 34% more likely to remain in the ICU (hazard ratio, 1.34; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Sedation quality improvement measures related to the use of opiate infusions, total days of sedation exposure, PICU length of stay, and mechanical ventilation days all deteriorated following initial successful implementation of a PICU sedation protocol. Implementation of a protocol alone may not lead to sustained quality improvement without routine monitoring and ongoing education to ensure effectiveness.

Long-term dexmedetomidine use and safety profile among critically ill children and neonates.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether long-term dexmedetomidine dosing is associated with lower opioid and benzodiazepine use without risk of significant hemodynamic changes and/or withdrawal. DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study. SETTING: PICU, cardiovascular ICU, and neonatal ICU in a single, tertiary care, academic children's hospital. SUBJECTS: We included all patients less than or equal to 21 years old, who received dexmedetomidine for greater than or equal to 72 hours from December 2008 to December 2010 resulting in a 98-subject cohort. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENT AND MAIN RESULTS: The median duration of dexmedetomidine use was 141 hours. A decrease in systolic blood pressure and heart rate was seen after initiation of dexmedetomidine. After dexmedetomidine was discontinued, systolic blood pressure was statistically significantly higher than baseline. Similarly, heart rate showed a significant increase from baseline following discontinuation of dexmedetomidine. Starting dexmedetomidine was not associated with a significant difference in the dosing of opiates or benzodiazepines. Comfort scores were significantly lower at 2 and 72 hours of dexmedetomidine infusion. After stopping dexmedetomidine, the comfort score for patients at 1 hour was statistically higher than for patients at cessation of the infusion. Thirty percent of patients who were taken off dexmedetomidine, whether weaned or abruptly stopped, had withdrawal symptoms and scores recorded with agitation, tremor, and decreased sleep being most prominent. CONCLUSIONS: Hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine did not limit long-term use in this diverse population. After the addition of dexmedetomidine, opioid and benzodiazepine doses did not significantly escalate, and patients were more comfortable as evidenced by decreasing comfort scores. Withdrawal from dexmedetomidine may be an issue and manifests as agitation, tremors, and decreased sleep.