Relationship between three-year survival and functional outcome at discharge from acute-care hospitals in each subtype of first-ever ischemic stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: We studied the relationship between survival prognosis and the functional outcome at discharge from acute-care hospitals in each subtype of ischemic stroke patients. METHODS: A total of 853 consecutive patients with first-ever ischemic stroke, recruited from December 1999 to November 2002, were followed for 725.8 ± 430.0 days. Functional outcome was scored using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, log rank test, and Cox regression model. RESULTS: The respective mortality of the groups with mRS scores of 0-2, 3, 4, and 5 were 13.1%, 25.0%, 47.2% (p<0.05), and 74.0% (p<0.05) in cardioembolic infarction (CEI) patients; 11.3%, 6.9%, 5.6%, and 46.7% (p<0.05) in atherothrombotic infarction (ATI) patients; 8.5%, 5.6%, 11.1%, and 0% (no patient) in lacunar infarction (LACI) patients; and 2.6%, 3.0%, 23.3% (p<0.05), and 28.9% (p<0.05) in infarction of unknown cause (IUC) patients. Multi-variate analysis showed that the mRS score was a significant predictive factor for death in CEI patients, and tended to be a predictive factor for death in ATI patients, or IUC patients. CONCLUSION: Functional outcome at discharge from acute-care hospitals may predict the survival prognosis of each subtype of ischemic stroke.

A hypervariable STR polymorphism in the complement factor I (CFI) gene: Asian-specific alleles.

In this study, a short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphism in intron 7 of the human complement factor I (CFI) gene was studied in 637 DNA samples obtained from African, German, Thai, and Japanese populations and German and Japanese families. A total of 41 alleles were observed and classified into two groups, L and H, based on size differences. Group H, which consisted of 16 alleles, was observed only in Thai and Japanese populations at frequencies of 0.162 and 0.116, respectively, and was strongly associated with c.1217A in exon 11 (CFI*Ah). The heterozygosity values ranged from 0.89 in German to 0.93 in Thai populations. This STR would be a useful supplementary marker for forensic individualization.

Haplotype analysis of seven Y-STRs (eleven loci) in two Japanese populations.

We analyzed 11 Y-STR loci (DYS446, DYS447, DYS449, DYS450, DYS459a/b, DYS463 and DYS464a/b/c/d) in a total of 324 Japanese males from western and southern Japan. Gene diversity ranged from 0.958 at DYS464 in western Japan to 0.259 at DYS450 in southern Japan. A total of 272 different haplotypes were observed, of which 240 were found in single individuals. The overall haplotype diversity and discrimination capacity was 0.9982 and 0.8395, respectively.

Association of visual hallucinations with reduction of MIBG cardiac uptake in Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Postganglionic cardiac sympathetic denervation is evident in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-MIBG) cardiac scintigraphy has proven to be a useful tool for diagnosis of PD. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the factors associated with severity of cardiac sympathetic nerve dysfunction in PD patients. METHODS: We investigated 95 PD patients hospitalized in the Department of Neurology at Tottori University Hospital. (123)I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy was performed on each patient and the early and delayed heart to mediastinum (H/M) ratios and washout rate (WR) of (123)I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy were calculated. Independent predictive variables for parameters of (123)I-MIBG cardiac scintigraphy were analyzed by multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the presence of visual hallucinations (VH) and the patient's age at the time of evaluation independently predicted the early or delayed H/M ratio. Analysis of covariance, adjusted for the age of the patients as covariates, revealed that the early and delayed H/M ratios of PD patients with VH but no dementia, as well as PD patients with dementia were significantly lower than the ratios in PD patients with no VH or dementia. CONCLUSION: Cardiac sympathetic dysfunction may be associated with the presence of VH in PD patients.

The structure and diversity of alpha1-acid glycoprotein/orosomucoid gene in Africans.

Human orosomucoid (ORM), or alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein, is known to be controlled by duplicated and triplicated genes on chromosome 9, encoding ORM1 and ORM2 proteins. In this study, the structure and diversity of the ORM gene were investigated in 16 Sub-Saharan Africans, who originated from widely dispersed locations in Africa. The duplicated ORM1-ORM2 gene was observed in all 16 samples. ORM1*S1(2), characterized by an ORM2 gene-specific sequence in intron 5, was common in Africans. Three Africans showed the duplication of the ORM1 gene. The organization of the triplicated ORM1A-ORM1B-ORM2 gene was established in two Africans. The recombination breakpoints resulting in the ORM1 duplication lay within a small genomic interval around exon 1 of the ORM1B gene. The duplication of the ORM2 gene reported previously was not detected in this population sample. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms were observed in the ORM2 gene. The rearrangement of the ORM gene is likely to occur often in Africans.

Molecular basis of ESD*5 and ESD*7 and haplotype analysis with new polymorphisms in introns.

The two polymorphic alleles of esterase D (ESD), ESD*5 and ESD*7, are specific to Europeans and Asians, respectively. In this study the molecular basis was characterized: ESD*5, arising from ESD*1, has a G to A transition, resulting in Gly257(GGT) --> Asp(GAT); and ESD*7, originating from ESD*2, has an A to G transition, resulting in Asp231(GAT) --> Gly(GGT). Glycine is also involved in the common ESD*1/ESD*2 polymorphism [Gly190(GGA) --> Glu(GAA)]. Haplotype analysis using a few novel intragenic polymorphisms showed strong associations among polymorphic sites, suggesting that recombination has been less frequent in the human ESD gene, although it spans about 25 kb from exon 1 to exon 10. A marked difference was observed in the distribution of haplotype frequencies between Germans and Japanese.

MATP polymorphisms in Germans and Japanese: the L374F mutation as a population marker for Caucasoids.

Inference of the population and ancestry to which an individual belongs is important in forensic individualization and personal identification. In this study, five polymorphisms of the membrane-associated transporter protein (MATP) gene were investigated in German and Japanese populations. The L374F mutation was present at an allele frequency as high as 0.96 in the German population, whereas it was completely absent in the Japanese population. This extreme difference in allele frequency suggests that the L374F mutation is valuable as a population and ancestry informative marker for Caucasoids.

Use of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of allelic expression of an imprinted gene.

Measurement of the relative amounts of transcripts from two alleles is important in the study of imprinted genes, since quantitative differences that vary among tissues or individuals, and subtle differences in the ratio of allelic expression can have pathobiological significance. Discrimination of alleles is commonly based on PCR, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion to recognize a polymorphic site. However, the use of restriction enzymes misses most of the available single nucleotide polymorphisms. Practically, it requires substantial post-PCR analyses including the restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis, all of which increase turn around time. Taking advantage of our previous study identifying lung adenocarcinomas displaying biallelic expression of the imprinted gene MEST, we investigated the validity of a method of allelic discrimination in a real-time PCR assay using allele-specific probes. Allelic expression of the MEST gene in the range of 4-fold differences was detected. This new method should enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately assess allelic expression of imprinted genes in a number of samples.

Molecular analysis of the human esterase D gene ESD(*)Q0(yonago) responsible for incompatibility in a Japanese paternity case.

In a Japanese paternity test, an alleged father was excluded only by reverse homozygosity of esterase D (ESD) phenotypes (mother, ESD 1; child, ESD 1; alleged father, ESD 2) out of 43 classical and DNA markers investigated. To solve the aberrant inheritance of the ESD phenotypes observed between them, fragments for all eight coding exons amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were subjected to DNA analysis. The child and alleged father shared a null allele, originating from ESD(*)1. It was characterized by having TGA for the stop codon instead of TCA for serine at codon 63. Thus, the sharing of a rare null gene, ESD(*)Q0(yonago), increased the probability of paternity.