[Uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Antimicrobial susceptibility study in Navarre]. / Infecciones del tracto urinario. Estudio de sensibilidad antimicrobiana en Navarra.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a high prevalence infection at the community level. In order to improve the adequacy of the empirical therapy, we evaluated the etiology and the resistance pattern of the main uropathogens responsible for community acquired UTI in Navarre. METHODS: Retrospective study (2014-2016) in which we included microorganisms recovered with significant counts from samples of patients with community-acquired UTI. The global etiology and etiology according to age and sex was analyzed. Antimicrobial resistance was studied with urotopathogens isolated in 2016. RESULTS: Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated microorganism both in the population (60.8%) and in each of the groups analyzed according to age and sex. The sensitivity of E. coli was: nitrofurantoin 97.4%, fosfomycin 96.5% amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 83.8%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 68.3%, quinolones 63.4% and amoxicillin 41.9%. Pooled sensitivity shows that the sensitivity to fosfomycin was 83.4% in men <15 years, 89.4% in women <15 years and 81.9% in women between 15-65 years; and to nitrofurantoin was 86.7% in women <15 years and 82.2% in women between 15-65 years. CONCLUSIONS: E. coli continues to be the most frequent microorganism in community-acquired UTI with a rate of sensitivity to fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin above 95%. The empirical treatment of UTI in our environment should not include amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or quinolones. Fosfomycin may be empirically used in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in men younger than 15 years and in women under 65 years, and nitrofurantoin may be used empirically in women under 65 years.

Antibody-Mediated Rejection in Kidney Transplantation Without Evidence of Anti-HLA Antibodies?

INTRODUCTION: The definition of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is based on serologic (presence and/or development of donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies [DSAs]) and histologic (C4d deposition and endothelial damage) criteria. However, several cases of AMR have been described without C4d deposition, and other cases of histologic AMR without DSAs, which could be driven by other non-HLA alloantibodies such as anti-MICA or anti-angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R). Here we studied clinical and histologic humoral rejection in kidney transplant recipients without evidence of anti-HLA antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen kidney transplant recipients with AMR defined as C4d+ and/or histologic g+ptc without anti-HLA antibodies in screening test were studied. Sera at the moment of biopsy and 2 months earlier were studied for anti-HLA antibodies by Luminex, in neat, diluted 1/160, and sera after treatment with dithiothreitol (DTT) and confirmed by single-antigen test. The anti-AT1R was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: A lack of anti-HLA and MICA antibodies was confirmed after anti-HLA screening test in all conditions (neat, diluted, and DTT-treated) and de novo development of AT1R antibodies was ruled out. Nevertheless, after single-antigen test, 3 patients were identified with a weak reaction against class I antigen and another 4 patients against class II antigen. Due to the lack of locus-C typing in the donors, the DSA assignment cannot be confirmed, whereas anti-HLA class II antigens were DSA. CONCLUSIONS: A low sensitivity in the screening of anti-HLA antibody testing was observed. Our results suggest performing single-antigen test in seronegative patients with clinical humoral rejection after screening to confirm the presence of DSA.

Serum Levels of Interleukin-34 During Acute Rejection in Liver Transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Accumulating evidence indicates that interleukin (IL)-34 participates in T-cell homeostasis and tolerance due to the ability of IL-34 to trigger apoptosis of Th1, Th17, and Tc1 cells, but spare Th2 cells and Treg. In addition, IL-34 exerts anti-inflammatory effects by impairing leukocyte adhesion and transendothelial migration, and reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of our study was to investigate the time course of serum levels of IL-34 during hepatic allograft rejection. METHODS: Serum levels of IL-34 were determined in 20 healthy subjects and 45 hepatic transplant recipients. These patients were divided into 2 groups: group I was composed of 15 patients with acute rejection, and group II was composed of 30 patients without acute rejection. Samples were collected on days 1 and 7 after liver transplantation and on the day of liver biopsy. RESULTS: The concentrations of IL-34 were higher in the rejection group vs nonrejection group during the entire postoperative period. The whole transplant group, including those with stable graft function, showed higher IL-34 serum levels than the controls at all times after liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary results could be related to the recent finding that IL-34 may play an immune-suppressive role in liver transplantation. In our case, although we must be cautious with serum data, increased IL-34 would help to control alloresponse during rejection and protect from graft lost.

Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease following increased coverage with the heptavalent conjugate vaccine in Navarre, Spain.

The present study evaluated changes in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and the pattern of serotypes isolated in Navarre, Spain, after the introduction and increased coverage of the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). All cases with isolation of pneumococcus from normally sterile bodily fluids were included. The incidence of IPD in children and adults was compared for the periods 2001-2002 and 2006-2007. By the end of 2002, only 11% of children aged <5 years had received any dose of PCV7, whereas, beginning in 2007, the proportion exceeded 50%. Among the cases of IPD aged <5 years, the percentage of those vaccinated increased from 7% during 2001-2002 to 53% during 2006-2007 (p <0.001). The incidence of IPD from PCV7-serotypes decreased by 85% in children <5 years (p <0.001), by 45% in the population aged 5-64 years (p 0.10) and by 68% in those >or=65 years (p 0.004). By contrast, the incidence of IPD from non-PCV7 serotypes increased by 40% overall (p 0.006). The incidence of IPD from all serotypes did not change significantly in children <5 years (from 83 to 72 per 100 000) or in the total population (from 15.8 to 16.3 per 100 000). The percentage of cases as a result of serotypes 7 and 19A increased significantly in both children and adults. No significant changes were seen in the clinical forms of IPD. The pattern of serotypes causing IPD has changed, in both children and adults, following the increased coverage of PCV7, although the incidence has been reduced only slightly.

[Bacteremia and hepatic abscess caused by Yersinia enterocolitica]. / Bacteriemia y absceso hepático causado por Yersinia enterocolitica.

Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that is distributed world-wide and whose natural reservoir is found in a great variety of animals. Transmission to humans mainly occurs through the faecal-oral path although cases have been described of transmission through blood transfusions. It is isolated within a gastro-intestinal clinical picture and it rarely produces extra-intestinal disorders such as bacteraemia, abscesses, cutaneous signs, etc. The latter have been associated with different underlying diseases such as alterations of the iron metabolism, diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, malnutrition, tumours, immunosuppressant therapy and cirrhosis. We present the case of a diabetic patient who developed bacteraemia associated with hepatic abscess due to Yersinia enterocolitica.

[State of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital of Navarre (2000-2002)]. / Situación de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en el Hospital de Navarra (2002-2002).

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present paper was to determine the prevalence and characteristics shown by isolations of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus, isolated in our Microbiology Service. METHODS: Retrospective study, covering the years 2000, 2001 and 2002. Analysis was made of the origin of the infection (nosocomial or non-nosocomial), the unit of origin in the event of nosocomial origin, anatomical localisation of the sample, and pattern of antibiotic sensitivity. RESULTS: The isolations of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 7.88% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated. Less than half of the strains (44.87%) had a nosocomial origin and were most often isolated in the exudates of wounds. With respect to the pattern of resistance, there was some 50% of resistance to erythromycin, some 43.60% to clindamycine and some 21.79% to mupirocin. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and resistance pattern in vitro of the isolations of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus in our hospital are lower than that published in other areas of Spain.

[Antibiotic sensitivity and treatment recommendations for Streptococcus pneumoniae]. / Sensibilidad antibiótica y recomendaciones de tratamiento para Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The aims of present paper were to determine the susceptibility of the strains to the most usual antibiotics in clinical practice and to review the current recommendations to guide the most appropriate treatment. During the period october 2000 to september 2002, the patient's data (age and sex), source of the sample, diagnosis and antibiotic susceptibility were collected on Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from microbiology laboratories in the Navarra region (555.829 inhabitants). Four hundred and sixty five isolates were identified (166 from invasive infections). Generally, isolates from ear swabs were the most resistant to the antimicrobials tested, while those from blood culture were the most susceptible. Of the Streptococcus pneumoniae tested, 43% were resistant to penicillin, 6.1% to amoxicillin and 6.6% to cefotaxime. Of the 36.3% of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates that were resistant to erythromycin, 85.45% exhibited the MLSB phenotype while the remaining 14.55% presented with the M phenotype. Multiple-resistance was detected in 32.3% of the strains. The antibiotic resistance rates to beta-lactams (specially penicillin, amoxicillin and cefotaxime/ceftrixone) in Streptococcus pneumoniae don't prevent its clinical use for the most of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in our area, except for pneumococcal meningitis.

Bacteriemia y absceso hepático causado por Yersinia enterocolitica / Bacteremia and hepatic abscess caused by Yersinia enterocolitica

Yersinia enterocolitica es un cocobacilo gram negativo de amplia distribución mundial cuyo reservorio natural se encuentra en una gran variedad de animales. La transmisión a los humanos se realiza principalmente a través de la vía fecal-oral aunque también se han descrito casos de transmisión a través de transfusiones sanguíneas. Su aislamiento se realiza habitualmente dentro de un cuadro gastrointestinal y rara vez produce trastornos extraintestinales como bacteriemia, abscesos, manifestaciones cutáneas, etc. Éstos se han asociado a diferentes enfermedades de base como alteraciones del metabolismo del hierro, diabetes mellitus, alcoholismo, malnutrición, tumores, terapia inmunosupresora y cirrosis. Presentamos el caso de un paciente diabético que desarrolló bacteriemia asociada a abscesso hepático por Yersinia enterocolitica (AU)

Situación de Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina en el Hospital de Navarra (2000-2002) / State of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Hospital of Navarre (2000-2002)

Fundamento. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido conocer la prevalencia y características que presentan los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina aislados en nuestro Servicio de Microbiología. Material y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló de forma retrospectiva abarcando los años 2000, 2001 y 2002. Se analizó el origen de la infección (nosocomial o extrahospitalaria), servicio de origen en caso de ser nosocomial, localización anatómica de la muestra y patrón de sensibilidad antibiótica. Resultados. Los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina constituyeron el 7,88 por ciento de los Staphylococcus aureus aislados en nuestro servicio. Menos de la mitad de las cepas (44,87 por ciento) tuvieron un origen nosocomial y se aislaron con mayor frecuencia en los exudados de heridas. En cuanto al patrón de resistencia, hubo un 50 por ciento de resistencia a eritromicina, un 43,60 por ciento a clindamicina y un 21,79 por ciento a mupirocina. Conclusiones. La prevalencia y el patrón de resistencia in vitro de los aislamientos de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes a meticilina obtenidos en nuestro hospital es menor a la publicada en otras áreas de España (AU)

Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea y bacteriemia por Aeromonas hydrophila / Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteraemia due to Aeromonas hydrophila

La peritonitis bacteriana es una complicación frecuente en los pacientes cirróticos. De los gérmenes etiológicos, Aeromonas es muy poco frecuente. Presentamos un caso clínico de un paciente cirrótico con peritonitis y bacteriemia por Aeromonas hydrophila. Este microorganismo es un bacilo gramnegativo de la familia Vibrionaceae. En el ser humano produce gastroenteritis con mucha frecuencia. De forma excepcional puede dar origen a infecciones extraintestinales, sobre todo en pacientes inmunodeprimidos. La peritonitis por Aeromonas se ha descrito en asociación a peritonitis bacteriana espontánea en pacientes cirróticos, en pacientes en diálisis peritoneal y en casos de peritonitis secundaria a perforación intestinal (AU)

[Resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobials in 103 clinical isolations of Streptococcus pneumoniae (2000-2001)]. / Resistencia a penicilina y otros antimicrobianos en 103 aislamientos clínicos de Streptococcus pneumoniae (2000-2001).

BACKGROUND: To determine in our hospital the sensitivity of isolations of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, as well as to analyse the association of resistance to penicillin and other antimicrobials and the activity of cefotaxime and cefepime in pencillin resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHODS: The sensitivity was determined on 103 isolations of Streptococcus pneumoniae, from clinical samples from the years 2000-2001, to penicillin, eritromycine, cloramfenicol, tetracycline, cotrimoxazol, cefotaxime, cefepime and levofloxacine. RESULTS: Sixty-eight percent of the isolations were sensitive to penicillin, while some 32% of the isolated strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae were penicillin resistant, with 7.7% showing a high degree of resistance. Resistance to eritromycine, cloramfenicol, tetracycline, cotrimoxazol and levofloxacine was 38.8%; 9.7%; 20.4%; 25.2% and 2.9% respectively, increasing to values of 66.6%; 30.3%; 48.5%; 72.7% and 9.1% in the 33 penicillin resistant strains. Resistance to cefotaxime and cefepime was 9.7% and 10.6% respectively. CONCLUSIONS. A high percentage of strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae show some degree of resistance to penicillin, but with lower figures than in other studies carried out at a national level. Similarly, it was demonstrated that resistance to penicillin is significantly associated (p < 0.001) with resistance to all the antimicrobials studied, except for levofloxacine. The resistances to cefotaxime and cefepime were comparable, with less activity being observed in these when facing penicillin resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

[Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteraemia due to Aeromonas hydrophila]. / Peritonitis bacteriana espontánea y bacteriemia por Aeromonas hydrophila.

Bacterial peritonitis is a frequent complication in cirrhotic patients. Amongst the aetiological germs, Aeromonas is very infrequent. We present the clinical case of a cirrhotic patient with peritonitis and bacteraemia due to Aeromonas hydrophila. This micro-organism is a Gram-negative bacillus of the Vibrionaceae family. It very frequently produces gastroenteritis in the human being. Exceptionally it can give rise to extraintestinal infections, especially in immunodepressed patients. Peritonitis due to Aeromonas has been described in association with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients, in patients on peritoneal dialysis and in cases of peritonitis secondary to intestinal perforation.

Colecistitis por Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Descripción de un caso / Colecystitis caused by Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Description of a case

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Resistencia antimicrobiana y política de antibióticos: MRSA, GISA y VRE / Antimicrobian resistance and antibiotics policy: MRSA, GISA and VRE

La utilización de antibióticos plantea problemas debido a la dificultad de elegir el adecuado entre la gran proliferación de productos existentes, lo que se traduce en un elevado porcentaje de utilización inadecuada ( entre un 31 y un 65 por ciento en estudios hospitalarios), y tiene como consecuencia -entre otras- la aparición de bacterias frente a las cuales apenas disponemos de antibióticos efectivos. Se revisa la problemática existente con determinados microorganismos: Staphylococus aureus resistentes a meticilina (MRSA) y con sensibilidad intermedia a glicopéptidos ( VISA, GISA), Enterococos resistentes a vancomicina (VRE), y otros gémenes multirresistentes, detallando las actuaciones a realizar para su prevención y control. Se recalca la importancia de dos factores que son susceptibles de modificación en la práctica clínica habitual: la utilización innecesaria de antibióticos que puede dar lugar a la aparición de cepas multirresistentes y limitar la propagación de dichas cepas ( mediante la adopción de las precauciones estándar y especialmente el lavado de las manos) (AU)

[Evaluation of blood cultures in anaerobiosis]. / Evaluación de los hemocultivos en anaerobiosis.

BACKGROUND: The rate of processed blood cultures from anaerobic bottles was checked and the number of isolates from anaerobic microorganisms and other non anaerobic ones from processed bottles was established. Next, we studied the relationship between bacteremia caused by anaerobic organisms and the clinical history. METHODS: A total of 3.540 blood cultures have been checked for a period of 21 months; all of them were processed using Bactec NR 730 system. Those patients suffering bacteremia caused by anaerobic microorganisms had their medical histories revised. There is neither Gynecology nor Pediatrics Services at our Medical Center. RESULTS: Eleven episodes of bacteremias caused by anaerobic microorganisms have been detected since we started our research 21 months ago. Three aerobic microorganisms grew only in the two processed bottles in anaerobiosis, being their respective aerobic cultures negative. In all cases of bacteremia caused by anaerobic bacteria, the clinical history was compatible with this infection. CONCLUSIONS: We consider it is worth keeping the anaerobic bottles, because the number of anaerobic microorganisms isolates is considerable and clinically significant. A 2.76% incidence, where there is not gynecologist hospitalization, seems to be a high and relevant one. An alternative approach is to perform them only under certain clinical circumstances, although the process of collecting samples would make it a difficult task.