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1.
Trop Biomed ; 40(4): 444-452, 2023 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38308832

RESUMO

This paper describes the occurrence of multiple parasitic infection with special reference to emerging haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis. A cross-sectional survey of four selected goat flocks was conducted to collect samples and management information. Blood samples were processed using microhaematocrit centrifugation to determine the packed cell volume (PCV). Detection and morphological identification of blood protozoa and haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis from Giemsa-stained smears were done microscopically. M. ovis infection was classified mild (1-29% infected cells), moderate (30-59% infected cells), or severe (above 60% infected cells). Faecal floatation and McMaster faecal egg count were used to detect and classify strongyle infections as negative (no eggs/oocysts), light (< 500 epg), Moderate (500 - 1000 epg), or severe (>1000 epg) and coccidia infection as light (<1800 opg), moderate (1800 - 6000 opg), or severe (>6000 opg). There were 149 goats with blood protozoa (57.98%; 95% CI: 51.87 - 63.85) and 204 goats with GI parasites (79.38%; 95% CI: 74.02 - 83.87) involved in single (15.8%; 95% CI: 11.7 - 21.0) or multiple (84.2%; 95% CI: 79.0 - 88.3) infections. The risk of Strongyles increases by 2.49 (95% CI: 1.24 - 4.99) in females versus males and 6.79 (95% CI: 3.25 - 14.18, p =0.000) in adults versus young. The risk of Eimeria species increases by 7.32 (95% CI: 3.45 - 15.50, p =0.000) in adults versus young, while M. ovis coinfection risk increases by 4.51 (95% CI: 1.40 - 14.50, p =0.000) in female versus males. Thin animals had a significantly higher (p<0.05) mean burden of Strongyle (1370.37 ± 345.49) and Eimeria (1594.12 ± 695.26) than the moderate and fat goats. The PCV was negatively associated with mean faecal egg count (FEC) (p<0.05) such that a lower PCV was recorded in animals with a higher Strongyle epg output. A severe burden of M. ovis was accompanied by an increased nematode FEC and decreased haematocrit (p<0.05). Coinfections of Strongyles, or Eimeria species involving M. ovis were associated with a higher parasitaemia compared with single infections (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of M. ovis and Strongyle or Eimeria species coinfections among goat flocks and provides valuable data for developing and implementing an integrated herd health management program for parasite control among low-input smallholder flocks.


Assuntos
Coinfecção , Doenças das Cabras , Mycoplasma , Parasitos , Masculino , Animais , Feminino , Ovinos , Coinfecção/epidemiologia , Coinfecção/veterinária , Cabras/parasitologia , Malásia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fezes/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Doenças das Cabras/epidemiologia , Doenças das Cabras/parasitologia
2.
Tropical Biomedicine ; : 444-452, 2023.
Artigo em Inglês | WPRIM (Pacífico Ocidental) | ID: wpr-1011360

RESUMO

@#This paper describes the occurrence of multiple parasitic infection with special reference to emerging haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis. A cross-sectional survey of four selected goat flocks was conducted to collect samples and management information. Blood samples were processed using microhaematocrit centrifugation to determine the packed cell volume (PCV). Detection and morphological identification of blood protozoa and haemotropic Mycoplasma ovis from Giemsa-stained smears were done microscopically. M. ovis infection was classified mild (1-29% infected cells), moderate (30-59% infected cells), or severe (above 60% infected cells). Faecal floatation and McMaster faecal egg count were used to detect and classify strongyle infections as negative (no eggs/oocysts), light (< 500 epg), Moderate (500 – 1000 epg), or severe (>1000 epg) and coccidia infection as light (<1800 opg), moderate (1800 – 6000 opg), or severe (>6000 opg). There were 149 goats with blood protozoa (57.98%; 95% CI: 51.87 – 63.85) and 204 goats with GI parasites (79.38%; 95% CI: 74.02 - 83.87) involved in single (15.8%; 95% CI: 11.7 – 21.0) or multiple (84.2%; 95% CI: 79.0 – 88.3) infections. The risk of Strongyles increases by 2.49 (95% CI: 1.24 – 4.99) in females versus males and 6.79 (95% CI: 3.25 – 14.18, p =0.000) in adults versus young. The risk of Eimeria species increases by 7.32 (95% CI: 3.45 – 15.50, p =0.000) in adults versus young, while M. ovis coinfection risk increases by 4.51 (95% CI: 1.40 – 14.50, p =0.000) in female versus males. Thin animals had a significantly higher (p<0.05) mean burden of Strongyle (1370.37 ± 345.49) and Eimeria (1594.12 ± 695.26) than the moderate and fat goats. The PCV was negatively associated with mean faecal egg count (FEC) (p<0.05) such that a lower PCV was recorded in animals with a higher Strongyle epg output. A severe burden of M. ovis was accompanied by an increased nematode FEC and decreased haematocrit (p<0.05). Coinfections of Strongyles, or Eimeria species involving M. ovis were associated with a higher parasitaemia compared with single infections (p<0.05). This study highlights the importance of M. ovis and Strongyle or Eimeria species coinfections among goat flocks and provides valuable data for developing and implementing an integrated herd health management program for parasite control among low-input smallholder flocks.

3.
Vox Sang ; 111(3): 315-319, 2016 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27183894

RESUMO

We identified 46 different RHD alleles from 226 Japanese individuals with weak D phenotype, 26 of which had been previously described and 20 that were novel. Among these weak D individuals, the alleles with c.960G>A, c.845G>A (RHD*15) or c.1013T>C (RHD*01W.24) mutations were most prevalent with relative occurrences of 36·7%, 15·9% and 9·7%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the prevalence of common weak D alleles in the Japanese population significantly differs from that of Caucasian populations.


Assuntos
Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/genética , Alelos , Humanos , Japão , Repetições de Microssatélites/genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo Genético
4.
Hum Exp Toxicol ; 35(8): 818-32, 2016 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26437792

RESUMO

Probiotics are live microorganisms ingested for the purpose of conferring a health benefit on the host. Development of new probiotics includes the need for safety evaluations that should consider factors such as pathogenicity, infectivity, virulence factors, toxicity, and metabolic activity. Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI 588(®) (CBM 588(®)), an anaerobic spore-forming bacterium, has been developed as a probiotic for use by humans and food animals. Safety studies of this probiotic strain have been conducted and include assessment of antimicrobial sensitivity, documentation of the lack of Clostridium toxin genes, and evaluation of CBM 588(®) on reproductive and developmental toxicity in a rodent model. With the exception of aminoglycosides, to which anaerobes are intrinsically resistant, CBM 588(®) showed sensitivity to all antibiotic classes important in human and animal therapeutics. In addition, analysis of the CBM 588(®) genome established the absence of genes for encoding for α, ß, or ε toxins and botulin neurotoxins types A, B, E, or F. There were no deleterious reproductive and developmental effects observed in mice associated with the administration of CBM 588(®) These data provide further support for the safety of CBM 588(®) for use as a probiotic in animals and humans.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Clostridium butyricum/genética , Probióticos/toxicidade , Reprodução/efeitos dos fármacos , Anormalidades Induzidas por Medicamentos/etiologia , Animais , Toxinas Botulínicas/genética , Clostridium butyricum/efeitos dos fármacos , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Enterotoxinas/genética , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Neurotoxinas/genética , Gravidez , Probióticos/farmacologia , Probióticos/normas
5.
Vox Sang ; 110(3): 285-7, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26529276

RESUMO

Recently, the involvement of mutation and deletion of transcription regulatory elements in the Bm , Am , A3 and B3 phenotypes has been reported. In the present study, we carried out genetic analysis of individuals with A3 and B3 using peptide nucleic acid-clamping PCR to exclude amplification of O alleles. Two single-point mutations, -76G>C and -68G>T, were found in the ABO promoter on the A-allele in three A3 individuals and on the B allele in a B3 individual, respectively. Transient transfection of luciferase reporter plasmids carrying the same mutations into K562 cells revealed decreased luciferase activity in comparison with that carrying the wild-type promoter. These observations suggest that the mutations downregulate the promoter activity, leading to reduction in A- or B-antigen expression on red blood cells in individuals with the A3 and B3 phenotypes.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Alelos , Sequência de Bases , DNA/química , DNA/isolamento & purificação , DNA/metabolismo , Eritrócitos/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Genótipo , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Ácidos Nucleicos Peptídicos/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Elementos Reguladores de Transcrição
6.
Vox Sang ; 110(2): 179-84, 2016 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26340140

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The molecular basis of the weak D phenotype has been investigated for many years, and more than 80 different alleles producing weak D phenotypes have been identified. Most alleles producing weak D phenotypes have a single missense mutation in exons corresponding to a transmembrane domain of the RhD polypeptide. We report here RHD alleles with single nucleotide mutations in Japanese accounting for weak expression of D antigen. METHODS: Seventy-five blood samples with a weak D phenotype were detected from 763 408 blood donors by standard serological methods. Forty-five of the 75 blood donors were available for RHD gene analysis by PCR and sequencing using genomic DNA and reticulocyte mRNA. Real-time PCR was performed to estimate the relative amounts of the RHD transcripts. RESULTS: We detected 16 different RHD alleles in the 45 individuals with weak D by nucleotide sequencing; 12 were newly identified. Thirty-two of the 45 individuals had an RHD allele with a single missense mutation, while the other 13 individuals had RHD with a c.960G>A silent mutation in exon 7. Red blood cells of these 13 individuals showed direct agglutination with anti-D at a strength of 3+ or less. Semi-quantitative analysis of the RHD transcripts by real-time PCR revealed that the cDNA samples with the c.960G>A mutation showed a significant increment of exon 7 skipping compared with the common RHD. CONCLUSION: Reduced expression of D antigen is caused not only by missense mutation of the RHD gene, but also by silent mutation that may affect splicing.


Assuntos
Alelos , Éxons , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/genética , Mutação Silenciosa , Humanos , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/imunologia , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/metabolismo
7.
Vox Sang ; 109(4): 359-65, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25953588

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The occurrence of D- is approximately 0.5% in Japanese, but DEL in apparently D- individuals is relatively common compared with that in Caucasian populations. On the basis of molecular genetics, we examined D- Japanese blood donors. METHODS: A standard serological technique was used for RhD typing, and we selected 3526 D- blood samples. Genomic DNA obtained from whole blood was used for RHD analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing. Multiplex PCR to detect all of the RHD exons and use of PCR-sequence-specific primer (PCR-SSP) to detect RHD deletion (RHD*01N.01) and c.1227G>A mutation (for RHD*01EL.01) were performed. RESULTS: Multiplex PCR and PCR-SSP revealed that 3091 of 3526 D- individuals (87.7%) were homozygous for RHD*01N.01, and 318 individuals (9.0%) had the RHD*01EL.01/RHD*01N.01 or RHD*01EL.01/RHD*01EL.01 genotype. The other 103 in the 3526 individuals (2.9%) had the known D-CE-D hybrid allele, RHD*01N.04, and the association of RHCE*Ce with RHD*01EL.01 as well as RHD*01N.04 was observed. The remaining 14 individuals had RHD*01N.01 hemizygous with one of the following alleles: RHD*01N.06 (3), RHD*01N.07 (1), RHD*04N.01 (1), RHD*DEL8 (1), RHD with c.761C>G (p.Ser254Ter) (2), RHD with c.1252T>A (p.Ter418Lysex26) (2) and apparently common RHD (4). Adsorption and elution tests with anti-D revealed that the individuals with c.761C>G mutation were D- while the individuals with c.1252T>A mutation were DEL. CONCLUSIONS: The RHD genotype of more than 96% of D- Japanese could be determined by conventional PCR-SSP. In addition, we identified a novel DEL allele having c.1252T>A mutation and a novel RHD silencing allele having c.761C>G nonsense mutation.


Assuntos
Alelos , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/genética , Deleção de Sequência , Sequência de Bases , Éxons , Genótipo , Humanos , Japão , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mutação , Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Rh-Hr/imunologia
8.
Vox Sang ; 109(2): 191-3, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25865759

RESUMO

The Dombrock blood group system consists of two antithetical antigens, Do(a) (DO1) and Do(b) (DO2), and seven high-prevalence antigens, Gy(a) (DO3), Hy (DO4), Jo(a) (DO5), DOYA (DO6), DOMR (DO7), DOLG (DO8) and DOLC (DO9). Do(a) /Do(b) polymorphism is associated with c.793A>G (p.Asn265Asp) in exon 2 of the DO (ART4) gene, and the corresponding alleles are named DO*01 and DO*02. The rare Donull or Gy(a-) phenotype lacks all Dombrock antigens, and the DO null alleles vary with both DO*01 and DO*02 backgrounds. We report a novel DO null allele, which has a c.268C>T (p.Gln90Stop) nonsense mutation with a DO*02 background identified from four unrelated Gy(a-) Japanese individuals.


Assuntos
Alelos , Antígenos de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Códon sem Sentido , Sequência de Bases , Humanos , Japão , Dados de Sequência Molecular
9.
Vox Sang ; 108(4): 425-7, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25557060

RESUMO

The Am and Bm phenotypes are characterized by weak expression of the A or B antigens, respectively, by red blood cells with a normal expression by the saliva of secretors. Deletion of the regulatory element in the first intron of the ABO gene and disruption of the GATA motif in the element were found to be responsible. In this study, we identified a novel mutation within the GATA motif (G>C substitution at position c.28 + 5830) in the regulatory element of the A allele that might diminish transcription activity causing the generation of the Am B phenotype.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Células Eritroides/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Mutação Puntual , Sequências Reguladoras de Ácido Nucleico , Alelos , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Doadores de Sangue , Fatores de Transcrição GATA/metabolismo , Humanos , Íntrons , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Deleção de Sequência
10.
Vox Sang ; 108(3): 310-3, 2015 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25523382

RESUMO

We developed a sequence-specific primer PCR (SSP-PCR) for detection of a 5.8-kb deletion (B(m) 5.8) involving an erythroid cell-specific regulatory element in intron 1 of the ABO blood group gene. Using this SSP-PCR, we performed genetic analysis of 382 individuals with Bm or ABm. The 5.8-kb deletion was found in 380 individuals, and disruption of the GATA motif in the regulatory element was found in one individual. Furthermore, a novel 3.0-kb deletion involving the element (B(m) 3.0) was demonstrated in the remaining individual. Comparisons of single-nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites in intron 1 between B(m) 5.8 and B(m) 3.0 suggested that these deletions occurred independently.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Células Eritroides/metabolismo , Deleção de Genes , Íntrons , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único
11.
Vox Sang ; 106(4): 382-4, 2014 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24877238

RESUMO

The Kidd blood group system consists of three common phenotypes: Jk(a+b−), Jk(a−b+) and Jk(a+b+), and one rare phenotype, Jk(a−b−). Jka/Jkb polymorphism is associated with c.838G>A (p.Asp280Asn) in exon 9 of the JK (SLC14A1) gene, and the corresponding alleles are named JK*01 and JK*02. The rare phenotype Jk(a−b−) was first found in a Filipina of Spanish and Chinese ancestry, and to date, several JK null alleles responsible for the Jk(a−b−) phenotype have been reported. We report seven novel JK null alleles, 4 with a JK*01 background and 3 with a JK*02 background, identified from Jk(a−b−) Japanese.


Assuntos
Sistema do Grupo Sanguíneo Kidd/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Alelos , Éxons , Estudos de Associação Genética , Homozigoto , Humanos , Japão , Fenótipo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Transportadores de Ureia
12.
Vox Sang ; 107(2): 171-80, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24602004

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An erythroid cell-specific regulatory element, referred to as the +5.8-kb site, has been identified in the first intron of the human ABO blood group gene. Subsequent studies have revealed involvement of deletion or mutation at the site in phenotypes Am , Bm and ABm . We investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in the A3 and B3 phenotypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNAs were prepared from peripheral blood of seven A3 individuals and twelve B3 or AB3 individuals, and the nucleotide sequences were investigated using PCR and sequencing. Promoter assays were performed with K562 cells. RESULTS: Two single point-mutations at +5893 or +5909 in the site on the A-allele were found in A3 individuals, while promoter assays revealed decreased activity at the site as a result of each substitution. In two B3 individuals, a single point-mutation at -77 in the ABO promoter on the B-allele was found, and the substitution was demonstrated to reduce the promoter activity. CONCLUSION: Nucleotide substitutions in the transcriptional regulatory elements such as the +5.8-kb site and the ABO promoter appear to decrease transcription from the A- and B-alleles, resulting in reduction in A- and B-antigen expression in A3 and B3, respectively.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Sequência de Bases , Células Eritroides/citologia , Estudos de Associação Genética , Humanos , Fenótipo
13.
Vox Sang ; 106(2): 167-75, 2014 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23992526

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An erythroid cell-specific regulatory element, referred to as the +5·8-kb site, had been identified in the first intron of the human ABO blood group gene. Subsequent studies revealed that either a 5·8-kb deletion including the +5·8-kb site or disruption of a GATA factor binding motif at the site was present in all Bm and ABm individuals examined. We investigated the molecular mechanism of the Am phenotype, which is analogous to the Bm phenotype. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNAs were prepared from peripheral blood of two Am individuals, and the nucleotide sequences were investigated using PCR and direct sequencing. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and promoter assay with K562 cells were carried out. RESULTS: A novel 23-bp nucleotide deletion was found at the +5·8-kb site in both individuals. EMSAs demonstrated binding of the transcription factor RUNX1 to the nucleotides within the deletion. Promoter assays showed that the deletion reduced the transcriptional activity of the +5·8-kb site. CONCLUSION: Deletion of the 23-bp nucleotides including the RUNX1 binding site decreases transcription of the A allele, resulting in the reduction in A antigen expression in the Am phenotype.


Assuntos
Sistema ABO de Grupos Sanguíneos/genética , Subunidade alfa 2 de Fator de Ligação ao Core/metabolismo , Elementos Reguladores de Transcrição , Alelos , Sequência de Bases , Sítios de Ligação , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Humanos , Íntrons , Células K562 , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Fenótipo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Deleção de Sequência , Transcrição Gênica
14.
Eur J Pain ; 14(1): 23-31, 2010 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19264522

RESUMO

This study evaluated the antinociceptive effects of the selective and non-peptide CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 in mouse models of pain. As assessed in different tests of spontaneous nociception, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of SB225002 caused consistent and dose-related reduction of acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions, whereas it did not significantly affect the nociception evoked by formalin, capsaicin, glutamate or phorbol ester acetate (PMA). Systemic treatment with SB225002 strikingly reduced the spontaneous nociception induced by 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP), or mechanical hypernociception induced by prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), epinephrine, or the keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC). In the carrageenan model, SB225002 markedly reduced mechanical hypernociception when administered by i.p., intrathecal (i.t.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) routes, or even when co-administered with carrageenan into the mouse paw, indicating peripheral and central sites of action for SB225002. In addition, i.p. treatment with SB225002 significantly attenuated the increase in MPO activity or the elevation of IL-1beta, TNFalpha or KC levels following carrageenan injection. In the persistent models of pain evoked by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or by the partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PLSN), the repeated administration of SB225002 displayed prominent and long-lasting antinociceptive effects. Notably, SB225002 did not evoke unspecific central effects, as evaluated in the open-field and rota-rod tests, or even in the latency responses for thermal stimuli. Our data confirm the previous notion on the critical role exerted by chemokines in pain, indicating that selective CXCR2 antagonists, such as SB225002, might well represent interesting and innovative alternatives for the management of both acute and chronic pain.


Assuntos
Medição da Dor/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Fenilureia/farmacologia , Receptores de Interleucina-8B/antagonistas & inibidores , 8-Bromo Monofosfato de Adenosina Cíclica/farmacologia , Ácido Acético , Animais , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Carragenina , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Formaldeído , Adjuvante de Freund , Indicadores e Reagentes , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Inflamação/prevenção & controle , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Ligadura , Masculino , Camundongos , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Estimulação Física , Reflexo/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervo Isquiático/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervo Isquiático/fisiologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo
15.
J Med Virol ; 80(4): 646-58, 2008 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18297720

RESUMO

Hepatitis E virus (HEV), the sole member of the genus Hepevirus in the family of Hepeviridae, is the major cause of several outbreaks of waterborne hepatitis in tropical and subtropical countries and of sporadic cases of viral hepatitis in endemic and industrialized countries. Transmission of HEV occurs predominantly by the fecal-oral route although parenteral and perinatal routes have been implicated. The overall death rate among young adults and pregnant women is 0.5-3% and 15-20%, respectively. HEV is a small non-enveloped particle that consists of a polyadenylated single-strand RNA molecule containing three discontinuous and partially overlapping open reading frames. There are four major genotypes of HEV and a single serotype. At present, there are approximately 1,600 sequences of HEV that are already available at INSDC of both human and animal isolates. Diagnostic and molecular assays have been described for the accurate differentiation of ongoing from remote infection of HEV. Identification and characterization of swine HEV in the United States, Japan, and many other countries and their close relationship to locally characterized human HEV found in the same geographic areas prove that HEV is indeed a zoonotic virus and that domestic swine, wild deer, and boars are reservoirs of HEV in nature. A cell culture system for the propagation of the virus has been described, and a very successful phase 2 vaccine trial has been completed. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the molecular biology, clinical features, transmission, diagnosis, epidemiology, and prevention of HEV.


Assuntos
Vírus da Hepatite E/genética , Hepatite E/diagnóstico , Hepatite E/virologia , Zoonoses/virologia , Animais , Cervos , Reservatórios de Doenças , Hepatite E/prevenção & controle , Hepatite E/transmissão , Vírus da Hepatite E/classificação , Humanos , Sus scrofa , Zoonoses/epidemiologia , Zoonoses/transmissão
16.
J Med Virol ; 79(8): 1229-37, 2007 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17596828

RESUMO

In the last 30 years, tremendous progress in identifying transfusion-transmitted viruses such as HBV, HCV, and HIV in industrialized countries has been achieved. Currently, the residual risk of transmitting these viruses through transfusion is very low especially after the introduction of "minipool" nucleic acid-amplification tests. Despite these major technical advances, there remains a legitimate concern as to the transmission of other blood-borne infectious agents through blood transfusion. Among these agents are HBV mutants, occult HBV, and HCV infections, malaria, Chagas, West Nile, dengue, and vesiviruses, bacterial infections such as Yersinia enterocolitica, and tick borne diseases such as human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Lyme and prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt and variant Creutzfeldt. Most of these agents are very rarely transmitted by transfusion in industrialized countries. However, an awareness of their possible transmission is essential for the control of spread of these diseases among the public by human-to-human transmission via blood transfusion. This review summarizes the current status of prevalence and diagnosis of these emerging diseases and also updates our knowledge on recently discovered non-pathogenic blood-borne viruses such as GB virus C and Torque Tenoviruses.


Assuntos
Doadores de Sangue/provisão & distribuição , Patógenos Transmitidos pelo Sangue/isolamento & purificação , Países Desenvolvidos/estatística & dados numéricos , Vírus/isolamento & purificação , Bancos de Sangue/normas , Bancos de Sangue/tendências , Humanos
17.
Cancer Lett ; 234(2): 193-8, 2006 Mar 28.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15876485

RESUMO

There is little information regarding simultaneous investigations of thromboxane A(2) (TXA(2)) lipid peroxidation and Bcl-2, three cancer-related agents, and analyses of their relationships in lung cancer. The present study was to study thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), a stable metabolite of TXA(2), lipid peroxidation and Bcl-2 expression in 52 non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) tissue samples. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an index for lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in the lung tumor tissues, compared with non-tumor tissues. TXB(2) was much higher in the tumor tissues than non-tumor tissues. Interestingly, the concentration of TXB(2) in samples from those who smoked was higher than that from those who did not smoke. The expression of Bcl-2 was significantly elevated in the tumor tissues, compared to the non-tumor tissues. There was also a positive correlation between TXB(2) and TBARS in tumor tissues; advanced stage cancers had higher levels of TXB(2). This finding supports the idea that TXB(2) may have a role in promoting tumor growth. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the production of TXB(2) is increased in lung tumor tissues and that such an increase can result in lipid peroxidation which may be met by an elevation in Bcl-2 expression.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos/fisiologia , Neoplasias Pulmonares/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/biossíntese , Tromboxano B2/metabolismo , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Substâncias Reativas com Ácido Tiobarbitúrico/análise
18.
Intervirology ; 47(6): 289-309, 2004.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15564741

RESUMO

Sequences of 234 complete genomes and 631 hepatitis B surface antigen genes were used to assess the worldwide diversity of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Apart from the described two subgenotypes each for A and F, also B, C, and D divided into four subgenotypes each in the analysis of complete genomes supported by significant bootstrap values. The subgenotypes of B and C differed in their geographical distribution, with B1 dominating in Japan, B2 in China and Vietnam, B3 confined to Indonesia, and B4 confined to Vietnam, all strains specifying subtype ayw1. Subgenotype C1 was common in Japan, Korea, and China; C2 in China, South-East Asia, and Bangladesh, and C3 in the Oceania comprising strains specifying adrq-, and C4 specifying ayw3 is encountered in Aborigines from Australia. This pattern of defined geographical distribution was less evident for D1-D4, where the subgenotypes were widely spread in Europe, Africa, and Asia, possibly due to their divergence having occurred a longer time ago than for genotypes B and C, with D4 being the first split and still the dominating subgenotype of D in the Oceania. The genetic diversity of HBV and the geographical distribution of its subgenotypes provide a tool to reconstruct the evolutionary history of HBV and may help to complement genetic data in the understanding of the evolution and past migrations of man.


Assuntos
Variação Genética/genética , Vírus da Hepatite B/genética , Epidemiologia Molecular , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Demografia , Genótipo , Vírus da Hepatite B/classificação , Humanos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , Análise de Sequência
19.
J Virol Methods ; 115(2): 217-22, 2004 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14667538

RESUMO

A fully automated chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (Architect HBsAg QT) was used for the detection and quantitation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The assay is capable of processing up to 800 HBsAg tests per hour. The concentration of HBsAg is determined by utilizing a previously generated Architect HBsAg calibration curve. Architect HBsAg QT sensitivity was found to be around 0.2ng/ml which is equivalent or superior to other known and commercially available enzyme immunoassays and/or chemiluminescent immunoassays. We performed a quantitative study of HBsAg, HBeAg, HBV-DNA and HBV-DNA polymerase in over 733 sera obtained from 43 chronic hepatitis B carriers. Serum HBsAg levels detected by Architect HBsAg QT were found to be higher in HBeAg-positive than in anti-HBe-positive HBV chronic carriers and correlated with the level of serum HBV-DNA and HBV-DNA polymerase.


Assuntos
Antígenos de Superfície da Hepatite B/sangue , Imunoensaio/métodos , Virologia/métodos , Automação , Portador Sadio/virologia , DNA Viral/sangue , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/sangue , Antígenos E da Hepatite B/sangue , Hepatite B Crônica/virologia , Humanos , Imunoensaio/estatística & dados numéricos , Medições Luminescentes , Microesferas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Virologia/estatística & dados numéricos
20.
J Med Virol ; 71(1): 150-9, 2003 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12858421

RESUMO

A modification of the Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) method for subtractive hybridization, termed Selectively Primed Adaptive Driver (SPAD) RDA, is described. It differs from conventional RDA primarily in the manner by which initial driver (D) and tester (T) amplicon complexities are determined, and by optimizing the composition of D with respect to T for each round of subtraction. Total nucleic acid is extracted from serum or plasma and converted to double-stranded DNA/cDNA. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer containing a selective nucleotide(s) at its 3'-end is used to generate amplicons of reduced complexity. Parallel subtractions are carried out, D vs. T (DT) for enrichment of tester-unique sequences and D vs. D (Driver Control or DC) to generate an optimized driver for use in the subsequent round. Following each round, agarose gel electrophoresis is used to visually identify any DT-unique bands through a side-by-side comparison of DT and DC subtraction products. In comparison to conventional RDA, SPAD-RDA achieved greater enrichment of viral sequences from an HCV infected chimpanzee, resulting in isolation of 13.7% of the viral genome, and an overall enrichment for HCV sequences of 239-fold. Virus fragments were also obtained from an HCV-infected human sample subtracted against non-paired human driver sequences. J. Med. Virol. 71:150-159, 2003.


Assuntos
DNA Viral/análise , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepacivirus/isolamento & purificação , Hepatite C/virologia , Pan troglodytes/virologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA Viral/genética , Humanos , Hibridização de Ácido Nucleico , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase
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