Schizophrenia and disruption of circadian rhythms: An overview of genetic, metabolic and clinical signs.

A molecular clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus, which is entrained by the dark-light cycle and controls the sleep-wake cycle, regulates circadian rhythms. The risk of developing mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, has long been linked to sleep abnormalities. Additionally, a common aspect of mental disorders is sleep disturbance, which has a direct impact on the intensity of the symptoms and the quality of life of the patient. This relationship can be explained by gene alterations such as CLOCK in schizophrenia which are also important components of the physiological circadian rhythm. The function of dopamine and adenosine in circadian rhythm should also be noted, as these hypotheses are considered to be the most popular theories explaining schizophrenia pathogenesis. Therefore, determining the presence of a causal link between the two can be key to identifying new potential targets in schizophrenia therapy, which can open new avenues for clinical research as well as psychiatric care. We review circadian disruption in schizophrenia at the genetic, metabolic, and clinical levels. We summarize data about clock and clock-controlled genes' alterations, neurotransmitter systems' impairments, and association with chronotype in schizophrenia patients. Our findings demonstrate that in schizophrenia either homeostatic or circadian processes of sleep regulation are disturbed. Also, we found an insufficient number of studies aimed at studying the relationship between known biological phenomena of circadian disorders and clinical signs of schizophrenia.

Clinical features of adjustment disorder in internally displaced women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim: To study the clinical features of internally displaced women with adjustment disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Materials and methods: Clinical features of internally displaced women with adjustment disorders are investigated. Comprehensive clinical psychopathological and psychodiagnostic assessment of 58 women have been conducted, their medical history data have been analyzed. RESULTS: Results: According to the analysis of the questionnaire severity of psychopathological symptoms prevalence of phobic anxiety, somatization with the presence of distress were observed in internally displaced women. In the clinical presentation of psychopathological disorders, the following symptoms of anxiety-depressive syndrome complex prevailed: mental fatigue 93.1 ± 3.9%; decrease in working capacity in 89.7 ± 4.2% of women; decrease in mood 79.3 ± 6.9%; anxiety 75.7 ± 3.8%; decrease in libido in 65.7 ± 4.9%; physical fatigue - 51.7 ± 4.4% of the examined. CONCLUSION: Conclusions: Analysis of clinical and psychopathological symptoms of women with adjustment disorder indicates the dominance in the structure of symptoms of anxiety and depressive symptoms in mixed and isolated forms. According to the analysis of the questionnaire of severity of psychopathological symptoms, in internally displaced women, the prevalence of phobic anxiety, somatization with the presence of distress was observed.