Differentiation of Bos grunniens and Bos taurus based on STR locus polymorphism.

Differentiation of closely related biological species using molecular genetic analysis is important for breeding farm animals, creating hybrid lines, maintaining the genetic purity of breeds, lines and layering. Bos grunniens and Bos taurus differentiation based on STR locus polymorphism will help maintain the genetic isolation of these species and identify hybrid individuals. The aim of this study is to assess the differentiating potential of 15 microsatellite loci to distinguish between domestic yak (B. grunniens) bred in the Kalmak-Ashuu highland region (Kochkor district, Naryn region, Kyrgyz Republic) and cattle (B. taurus) of three breeds (Aberdeen-Angus, Holstein and Alatau) using molecular genetic analysis. The samples were genotyped at 15 microsatellite loci (ETH3, INRA023, TGLA227, TGLA126, TGLA122, SPS115, ETH225, TGLA53, BM2113, BM1824, ETH10, BM1818, CSSM66, ILSTS006 and CSRM60). Twelve of the loci were from the standard markers panel recommended by ISAG. Statistical analysis was performed using GenAlEx v.6.503, Structure v.2.3.4, PAST v.4.03, and POPHELPER v1.0.10. The analysis of the samples' subpopulation structure using the Structure v.2.3.4 and 15 STR locus genotyping showed that the accuracy of assigning a sample to B. taurus was 99.6 ± 0.4 %, whereas the accuracy of assigning a sample to B. grunniens was 99.2 ± 2.6 %. Of the 15 STRs, the greatest potential to differentiate B. grunniens and B. taurus was found in those with the maximal calculated FST values, including BM1818 (0.056), BM1824 (0.041), BM2113 (0.030), CSSM66 (0.034) and ILSTS006 (0.063). The classification accuracy of B. grunniens using only these five microsatellite loci was 98.8 ± 3.4 %, similar for B. taurus, 99.1 ± 1.2 %. The proposed approach, based on the molecular genetic analysis of 5 STR loci, can be used as an express test in Kyrgyzstan breeding and reproduction programs for B. grunniens.

A genogeographic study of the Kyrgyz mountain merino via microsatellite markers.

The aim was to ascertain the genetic and geographical structure of the Kyrgyz mountain merino (KMM). We analyzed DNA samples of 109 Kyrgyz mountain merino specimens, bred in three state breeding factories (STB), including "Orgochor" in the Issykul Province, "Katta-Taldyk" in the Osh Province and STb named after Luschikhin in the Talas Province. We identified 126 alleles in 12 microsatellite markers (McM042, INRA006, McM527, ETH152, CSRD247, OarFCB20, INRA172, INRA063, MAF065, MAF214, INRA005, INRA023). There were 6 to 16 alleles in each locus (mean 10.500 ± 0.957 alleles per locus). We identified 67 rare alleles (prevalence less than 5.0 %), which made up 53.2 % of all alleles found. The greatest number of rare alleles was found in STR-markers of CSRD247, INRA023, INRA005, INRA006, MAF214 and OarFCB20. For each group, there were individual differences in the distribution of allele frequencies across all the STR loci studied. The most significant of them were as follows: with regard to the McM042 locus, allele 87 was major in the TALAS and OSH groups (35.6 and 45.7 %, respectively), whereas allele 95 was major in the ISSYK- KUL group (36.2 %); allele 154 was major in all groups with regard to the INRA172 locus, but it was 1.25 times less prevalent in the ISSYK-KUL and 1.66 times less prevalent in the OSH groups compared to TALAS (55.2 and 41.4 %, respectively), whereas alleles 156 and 158 were found only in the ISSYK-KUL group. Considering the ETH152 locus, 186 allele prevalence in the TALAS group was 51.1 %, but allele 190 was also markedly prevalent in the ISSYK-KUL and OSH groups, 34.5 and 34.3 %, respectively. The genetic division of the studied groups of KMM (with K from 3 to 10) was homogeneous - the contribution of each subcluster was equivalent. The AMOVA analysis revealed that the groups are located equidistantly. To conclude, the genetic diversity of the Kyrgyz mountain merino in three state breeding factories of the Kyrgyz Republic was high and comparable with each other.

[The impact of re-vaccination implementation on morbidity of mumps in the Kyrgyz Republic].

The article presents results of evaluation of long-term dynamics of morbidity of mumps in the Kyrgyz Republic (KR) in the pre-vaccination period, after the introduction of routine mass immunization in 1978 and in beginning of re-vaccination since 2015. The pronounced trend of increasing of morbidity was noted since 1970. In 1978, the morbidity increased up to 194 times as compared to 1948. The annual growth rate was made up to 7.7%. The application of vaccination significantly effected morbidity and prevalence of mumps in the Republic. In the long-term dynamics a pronounced trend of morbidity decreasing with annual decreasing rate of 7.5%. In 2015, re-vaccination of children of 6 years old was introduced in the Republic. This action resulted in morbidity decreasing during the next three years (2016, 2017 and 2018). However, in 2019, an outbreak of morbidity covering both children under 14 years and the adults was registered. The level of IgG to virus of mumps was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the test-system "VectoParotit-IgG" (by Vector BEST, Russia). The analysis of seroepidemiological study established the highest specific weight of seronegative individuals in the age group of 1-4 years (51.5%, 95% CI 42.9-60.1), and proportion of seropositive individuals falls on the age groups of 30 years and over (85, 4%), 10-14 years (62%), 5-9 years (61.5%), 15-19 years (60%).

[Risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Kyrgyz population in the presence of ADIPOQ (G276T), KCNJ11 (Glu23Lys), TCF7L2 (IVS3C>T) gene polymorphisms]. / Risk razvitiia sakharnogo diabeta 2-go tipa v kyrgyzskoi populiatsii pri nalichii polimorfizmov G276T gena ADIPOQ, Glu23Lys gena KCNJ11 i IVS3C>T gena TCF7L2.

AIM: To analyze the association of genotype combinations of the polymorphic markers G276T in the ADIPOQ gene, Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene, and IVS3C>T in the TCF7L2 gene with the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Kyrgyz population. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The investigation enrolled 23 Kyrgyz people, of whom there were 114 patients with T2DM and 109 without T2DM (a control group). T2DM was diagnosed in accordance with the WHO criteria (1999). The genotypes of ADIPOQ (G276T), KCNJ11 (Glu23Lys), and TCF7L2 (IVS3C>T) gene polymorphisms were identified using the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: When typing at the polymorphic loci G276T in the ADIPOQ gene, Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene, and IVS3C>T in the TCF7L2 gene, the development of T2DM in the Kyrgyz population was associated with the T allele (odds ratio (OR), 1.68; p=0.025), the heterozygous G276T genotype (OR 1,8; p=0.036) in the ADIPOQ gene; the 23Lys allele (OR, 1.62; p=0.019) in the KCNJ11 gene; a two-locus genotype combination in the genes ADIPOQ/KCNJ11: G276T/Glu23Lys (OR, 4.88; p=0.0013), G276G/Lys23Lys (OR, 4.65; p=0.019), G276T/Glu23Glu (OR, 3.10; p=0.022), a two-locus genotype combination in the genes ADIPOQ/TCF7L2: G276T/СС (OR, 1.97; p=0.04); two-locus genotype combinations in the genes KCNJ11/TCF7L2: Lys23Lys/CC (ОR, 2.65; p=0.042), Glu23Lys/CT (OR, 3.88; p=0.027); and a three-locus genotype combination in the genes ADIPOQ/KCNJ11/TCF7L2: G276T/Glu23Lys/CT (OR, 14.48; p=0.02). CONCLUSION: The development of T2DM in the Kyrgyz population is genetically determined by ADIPOQ (G276T) gene, KCNJ11 (Glu23Lys), and TCF7L (IVS3C>T) gene polymorphisms with the predisposing value of the T allele of the heterozygous G276T genotype in the ADIPOQ gene; the 23Lys allele in the KCNJ1 gene; as well as by genotype combinations in the genes ADIPOQ/KCNJ11 (G276T/Glu23Lys, G276G/Lys23Lys, G276T/Glu23Glu); ADIPOQ/TCF7L2 (G276T/SS); KCNJ11/TCF7L2 (Lys23Lys/CC, Glu23Lys/CT); ADIPOQ/KCNJ11/TCF7L2 (G276T/Glu23Lys /CT). The IVS3C>T locus in the TCF7L2 gene is not independently statistically significantly associated with the development of T2DM; however, its predisposing effect has been identified in its combination with the variant genotypes of the polymorphic loci G276T in the ADIPOQ gene and Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene.

[Association of the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene with hypertension in Kyrgyz patients]. / Assotsiatsiia polimorfnogo markera Glu23Lys gena KCNJ11 s razvitiem arterial'noi gipertonii u patsientov kirgizskoi natsional'nosti.

AIM: To study the association of the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 with the development of hypertension in Kyrgyz patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This case-control study enrolled 214 unrelated ethnic Kyrgyzes, in which a study group included 152 hypertensive patients (82 men and 70 women) and a control group consisted of 109 apparently healthy individuals (61 men and 48 women). The examinees' mean age was 55.2±10.1 years. Hypertension was verified when blood pressure (BP) was above 140/90 mm Hg. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to identify the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene. RESULTS: In the hypertension and control groups, the prevalence of 3 genotypes (Glu23Glu, Glu23Lys, and Lys23Lys) of the Glu23Lys polymorphism in the KCNJ11 gene differed significantly (χ2=8.04; p=0.018). The Lys23Lys and Glu23Lys genotypes were statistically more frequently recorded in the hypertension group and the homozygous Glu23Glu genotype was, on the contrary, more common in the control group than in the study one. In the hypertension group, the 23Lys allele frequency was statistically significantly higher than that in the control one (χ2=7.36; p=0.0067). The carriage of the 23Lys allele increased the risk of hypertension by 1.68 times (odds ratio (OR), 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17-2.41), that of the Glu23 allele had, on the contrary, a protective effect (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41-0.86). CONCLUSION: The polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene is associated with hypertension in the Kyrgyzes. The 23Lys allele is a marker for the higher risk of hypertension.

[An Association Between T455C Polymorphism of Apolipoprotein C-III Gene, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome Components].

AIM: to study an association between T455C apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III) gene polymorphism, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in a Kyrgyz ethnic group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 259 persons: 162 patients with MS and 97 sex and age matched controls without MS, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases were included in the study. Clinical examination with arterial blood pressure, anthropometric data measurement and laboratory tests for blood glucose and lipid parameters were performed in all included persons. In 140 patients test for immunoreactive serum insulin was done. DNA was extracted from blood cells and T455C polymorphism of apo C-III gene was determined by PCR method. RESULTS: In examined persons the most frequent was TC genotype as in group with MS as in controls. The difference on genotype's frequency between group was close to significant level (χ2 =5.48; p = 0.06) and odd ratio (OR) for MS between CC and TT carriers was 2.57 (95% CI 1.15-5.72); p = 0.019). Frequency of 455C allele in control group was--0.44 and in group with MS--0.54 (χ2 = 4.55; p = 0.036). In carriers of CC genotype there was noted that the frequency of IR (61.8% vs 23.1% vs 36.3%; p < 0.005), insulin level (11.9 [7.04-16.3] vs 5.73 [3.34-10.3] vs 7.54 [4.59-12.2] µIU/ml; p < 0.01) and HOMA index (3.14 [1.66-4.79] vs 1.46 [0.8-2.6] vs 2.05 [1.12-3.6]; p < 0.01) were significantly higher compared with TT and TC genotypes groups respectively. OR for IR between CC and TT carriers was 5.39 (95% CI 1.7-16.9; p = 0.0028). There also was an association between CC genotype and other MS components such as abdominal obesity (χ2--6.24; p--0.044, OR (95% CI--2.21 [1.03-4.82]) and high level of blood triglycerides (χ2--7.57; p--0.022, OR (95% CI) 2.5 [1.14-5.5]). CONCLUSION: In examined Kyrgyz ethnic population the most frequent was heterozygous TC genotype of T455C polymorphism of apo C-III. An association of 455C allele and CC genotype with MS, IR, abdominal obesity and high level of triglycerides was revealed. Key words: apolipoprotein C-III; T455C gene polymorphism; metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance.

[Association of the Arg399Gln polymorphisms of the XRCC1 gene with breast cancer risk in Kyrgiz women].

There were examined 219 women of Kyrgyz nationality (mean age 51 ± 9.7 years). 117 female with breast cancer (BC) and 102 apparently health controls. The diagnosis of breast cancer was confirmed histologically. DNA was prepared from whole blood samples. XRCC1 genotypes Arg399Gln were examined using polymerase chain reaction-restriction enzyme polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The frequency of the variant 399Gln allele and heterozygous genotype Arg399Gln of the Arg399Gln polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene were significantly higher among women with breast cancer compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). The Arg399Gln polymorphism of the XRCC1 gene is associated with breast cancer risk in a Kyrgyz women when using additive model (χ² = 4,901; p = 0.0268) general model (χ² = 13,86; p = 0.0010) and dominant model of inheritance (χ² = 11.18; p = 0.0008). Women having the 399Gln allele had 1,57 fold (95% CI 1.7-2.30; p = 0.002) higher risk of developing BC compared with subjects carrying neither of these alleles. Individuals carrying the heterozygous genotype Arg399Gln had 2.77 fold (95% CI 1.6-4, p = 0.002) higher risk of BC. Thus, the heterozygous genotype Arg399Gln and 399Gln allele of XRCClgene are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Kyrgyz females.

[Association Between T455C Polymorphism of Apolipoprotein C-III Gene, Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome Components].

AIM: to study an association between T455C apolipoprotein C-III (apo C-III) gene polymorphism, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS) and its components in a Kyrgyz ethnic group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 259 persons: 162 patients with MS and 97 sex and age matched controls without MS, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases were included in the study. Clinical examination with arterial blood pressure, anthropometric data measurement and laboratory tests for blood glucose and lipid parameters were performed in all included persons. In 140 patients test for immunoreactive serum insulin was done. DNA was extracted from blood cells and T455C polymorphism.

[An association of the 825 polymorphism of the g protein 3 subunit with obesity in Kyrgyz population].

GOAL: To study an association of G protein (GP) 3 subunit 825 polymorphism with obesity in native Kyrgyzes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 210 persons: 89 patients (female - 35, male - 54) with obesity (body mass index [BMI] more or equal 30 kg/m2) and 121 apparently healthy controls (38 female, 83 male) with normal BMI. Arterial blood pressure, anthropometric measurement and laboratory tests for blood glucose and lipid parameters were performed in all examined persons. DNA was extracted from blood cells and GP3 subunit 825 polymorphism was determined by PCR method. RESULTS: groups with TT and CT genotypes were combined together because of the rare frequency of TT genotype. Prevalence of + genotypes in group with obesity (0.72) was significantly higher than in controls - 0.52 (odds ratio 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.31-4.23; =0.004). Arterial hypertension (45 vs. 31.3%; =0,049) and obesity (51.2 vs. 30%; p<0.01) occurred more often in + genotypes carriers compared with CC homozygotes. A logistic regression model for obesity showed significant effect of 825T allele (relative risk [RR] 2.89, 95% CI 1.25-6.7; =0.013) and irregular intake of vegetables (RR 3.47, 95% CI 1.52-7.94; =0.003) as predictors of obesity development independent of age, sex and physical activity level. In the regression model for arterial hypertension the 825T allele lost its significance after adjustment for obesity. CONCLUSION: GP3 subunit 825 allele in native Kyrgyzes is associated with obesity.

[Association of C677T gene polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase with insulin resistance among Kirghizes].

AIM: To study an association of C677T gene polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and insulin resistance (IR) among ethical Kirghizes. METHODS: 132 Kirghiz patients with IR according to HOMA index (n=132) and sex and age matched patients without IR, diabetes mellitus (DM) type 2 or metabolic syndrome (MS) (n=132) were included into this study. Measurements of blood pressure (BP), body mass index, waist and hip circumference, fasting blood sugar, insulin, lipid parameters and C677T gene polymorphism of MTHFR were performed in all patients. RESULTS: Frequency of CT and TT genotypes was significantly higher in patients with IR than in controls (2 - 7.22, p - 0,027, OR - 1.68, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.5, p=0.027). T677 allele was also associated with obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). CONCLUSION: In Kirghizes carriage of T677 allele of MTHFR gene was associated with IR, abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-C level.

[Practical value of the TB-biochip MDR test system in the rapid identification of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains].

For diagnostic assessment of the TB-biochip MDR test system, 455 sputum samples from new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were tested. Unlike bacterial culture, the TB-biochip MDR test system allows identification of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) strains from mutations in the rpoB, katG, inhA, and ahpC genes rapidly during two days. Multidrug resistance of MBT to rifampicin and isoniazid was mainly due to the combined mutation Ser531 --> Leu in the rpoB gene and to the mutation Ser315 --> Thr in the katG gene.

[Fast identification of rifampicin-and isoniazid resistance of M. Tuberculosis strains by the "TB-biochip" test system].

A total 988 specimens were obtained from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, which were all diagnosed according to clinical and X-ray and bacteriological studies. 940 patients were newly diagnosed without any history of treatment; 48 patients with a history of treatment one course. Mutations of rpoB, katG, inhA and ahpC gene associated with rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (INH) resistance were detected by "TB-Biochip" test system. Resistance was significantly higher in patients with a history of treatment compared with patients were newly diagnosed. Initial and acquired resistance were 53% (499/940) and 87% (41/48) respectively. Initial multidrug-resistance (MDR) (both to RIF and INH) was 30% (282/940) and acquired MDR was 75% (35/48). The single primary drug resistance only to RIF was 3% (29/940), to INH was 20% (188/940). The single acquired drug resistance only to RIF was 4% (2/48), to INH was 8% (4/48). The most common point mutations in rpoB gene were in codon 531 (58%), 526 (18%), 516 (9%) and 511 (6.8%). The point mutation Ser531-->Leu was at the highest frequency (59.7%). Resistance to INH was associated mostly with mutations found in katG gene-90.5%, inhA gene-9.05% and ahpC gene-0.45%. Prevalence of mutation was found in katG gene-Ser315 Thr (88.7%). The rifampicin and isoniasid resistance of M. Tb strains isolated in Kyrgyzstan is associated mostly with Ser531-->Leu mutation of rpoB gene, Ser315-->Thr mutation of katG gene. The "TB-Biochip" test system is simple and rapid for detection of rifampicin-and isoniazid resistant of M. Tuberculosis. The biochip-based analysis of RIF and INH susceptibility provides fast (less than 24 hours) and accurate identification of the mutations in gene rpoB, katG, inhA, ahpC responsible for resistance to rifampin and isoniazid.

[Distribution of mutations in the rpoB, katG, inhA, ahpC gene of rifampicin and isoniazid resistant M. tuberculosis strains isolated in Kyrgyz Republic].

The aim of this work was to evaluate the prevalence mutations in the rpoB, katG, inhA, ahpC gene of rifampicin and isoniazid resistant M. tuberculosis (Tb) isolates from Kyrgyz Republic using OA Biochip MDR. In the rifampicin-resistant strains, the mutations were identified in the codons 531, 526, 516, 511, 513, 512, 533, and 522. The most prevalent point mutations were Ser531RLeu at the codon 531 (59.7%). Resistance to INH was associated with mutations found in the katG gene (94.5%), inhA gene (3.5%), and ahpC gene (1.0%). The most prevalent mutations were SerRThr at the codon 315 (93.0%). The rifampicin and isoniasid resistance of the M. Tb strains isolated in Kyrgyzstan is associated mostly with Ser531RLeu mutation of the rpoB gene, Ser315RThr mutation of the katG gene, and InhT15 mutation.

[Characterization of the drug resistance spectrum of rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis to other first-line antituberculous drugs].

The spectrum of drug-resistance of rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains to other first-line antituberculous drugs was studied. Streptomycin resistance was found to be prevalent in the structure of monoresistance. Resistance to two agents--isoniazid and streptomycin--was more common in the structure of polyresistance; that to a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin, and streptomycin was seen in the structure of multidrug resistance. The rifampicin-resistant strains were also resistance to isoniazid and streptomycin in 95.1 and 98.7% of cases, respectively. Resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol occurs more frequently when cytosine is substituted for thymidine (TCG-->TTG) in codon 513 of the rpoB gene.

[Statistically mapping modeling of the spread of rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis strains in different regions of the Kyrghyz Republic].

Mapping modeling of the distribution of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis was made in different regions of the Kyrghyz Republic. The results of determination of rifampicin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) by the biochip test were used to examine 904 MBT DNA samples taken when examining the patients living in different regions of the Kyrghyz Republic: Bishkek (n = 323), the Chui (n = 185), Issyk-Kul (n = 68), Naryn (n = 75), Talas (n = 47), Osh (n = 65), Dzhalal-Abad (n = 90), and Batken (n = 51) Regions. Comparison of the distribution of drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis by different regions revealed that rifampicin-resistant MBT strains were more frequently encountered in the densely populated regions of the republic - Bishkek and the Chui Region. Rifampicin resistance in MBT was caused by mutations in codons 531, 526, 522, 516, 511, 513, 512, and 513 of the rpoB gene. At the same time, there was a predominant selection of MBT with mutations in codons 531, 526, 516, and 511 in the republic. The spectrum of mutant MBT strains occurring in some regions varied. The broadest spectrum of genetic variability was observed in Bishkek and the Chui Region. Thus, Bishkek and the Chui Region are the hot points of concentration of mutant rifampicin-resistant MBT strains.

[Analysis of mutations of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains in patients with tuberculosis in the Kyrghyz Republic].

Two hundred and seventy-eight M. tuberculosis DNA samples taken from patients with clinically confirmed pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis were studied. Mutations of the rpoB, inhA, katG, and ahpC genes were analyzed by using multiple drug-resistant (MDR) biochips. A hundred and twenty-nine (46%) rifampicin- and isoniazid-sensitive strains and 149 (54%) resistant ones were detected. Out of the 149 drug-resistant strains, resistance to one drug (rifampicin or isoniazid) was revealed in 7 (4.7%) and 48 (32.3%) cases, respectively. The strains simultaneously resistant to both drugs were detected in 94 (63%) cases. In the Republic of Kyrghyzstan, patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis were observed to have more commonly multidrug-resistant strains (63%) than the strains resistant to one drug (rifampicin or isoniazid). In this republic, the main cause of rifampicin resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the Ser531-Leu mutation of the rpoB gene in codon 531 and the Ser315-->Thr of the katG gene in codon 315.

[Use of biological microchips in the determination of drug-resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to rifampicin].

The present-day problems in tuberculosis control are associated with a difficulty in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MBT) in due time and in determining its drug sensitivity by conventional microbiological assays. The determination of the drug sensitivity of MBT takes much time from 2 weeks to 3 months, which fails to initiate and perform specific therapy timely. Molecular genetic techniques, including biochip analysis, yield results in 24-48 hours, which solves the problem of choosing and initiating adequate antibacterial therapy in the shortest possible time after tuberculosis is diagnosed. To assess the situation associated with the prevalence of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis, by using the biochip analysis, the authors have examined 501 patients with tuberculosis who live in the Kyrghyz Republic. Drug resistance has been found in 40.3% of the examinees. At the same time, their primary and secondary drug resistance is 25.7 and 61.8%, respectively. In tuberculosis patients living in Kyrghyzstan, rifampicin resistance of MBT is more frequently due to mutations in 531 (59.2%), 526 (20.8%), and 516 (8.0%) codons in the rpoB gene.

[Pulmonary hemodynamics and hemostasis in rabbits exposed to high altitude]. / Legochnaia gemodinamika i gemostaz u krolikov v usloviiakh vysokogoría.

Pulmonary hemodynamics, homeostasis and red blood parameters were studied in 77 rabbits in the mountains of the Tien Shan (3200 m above sea-level). Exposure of animals in alpine environment gave rise to pulmonary hypertension, polycythemia, alterations of homeostasis by the pattern of hyper- and hypocoagulation syndrome. On certain stages of adaptation products of paracoagulation were observed in blood as well as intravascular aggregation of formed elements, increased sensitivity of blood plates to platelet activation, increased fibrinolysis. Given existing hypothesis about involvement of changes in homeostasis and red blood in the pathogenesis of altitude pulmonary hypertension, the coefficients of paired linear correlation between indices of pulmonary hemodynamics and blood have been calculated. These coefficients are valid only for low values of the ratio.

[Experimental high-altitude pulmonary hypertension in rabbits]. / Eksperimental'naia vysokogornaia legochnaia gipertenziia u krolikov.

In lowland (760 m above sea level) and highland (3200 m above sea level) of Tien Shan, the measurements of blood pressure and blood flow in the large vessels as well as the mass of heart ventricles of 75 rabbits have been made. In highland, the significant changes in hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation, appeared as elevations of pulmonary arterial pressure, pressure of wedging pulmonary artery, total and arterial pulmonary vascular resistance, have been noted. Besides this, adaptation to a highland staying was associated with an increased mass of the right ventricle of the heart. The pulmonary hypertension and hypertrophy of the right ventricle incremented during the first 2 weeks of the rabbits staying in highland and stabilized at achieved high level within succeeding 1.5 months of a tested period of adaptation. Because cardiac output and cardiac index starting from the end of 2nd week of adaptation did not differ significantly from control values, it can be said with confidence that an increase of pulmonary pressure in highland is dependent on a rise of pulmonary vascular resistance. In this case, the arterial pulmonary vascular resistance elevated to a greater extent than venous one. In highland, there revealed only the mean value of correlation relationship between the level of pulmonary blood pressure and a severity of right ventricle hypertrophy. The mass of left ventricle, systemic arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance did not significantly altered in a highland environment.