HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, increases vascular permeability by suppressing Robo4 expression in endothelial cells.

Roundabout guidance receptor 4 (Robo4) is an endothelial-specific membrane protein that suppresses pathological angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability by stabilizing endothelial cells. Robo4 suppresses severe systemic inflammation induced by pathogens and endotoxins and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis, therefore serving as a potential therapeutic target. Although the regulation of Robo4 expression through transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms has been studied, the role of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of HDACs in the regulation of Robo4 expression. An HDAC inhibitor, MS-275, which inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3, was found to suppress Robo4 expression in endothelial cells. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated knockdown of HDAC3, but not of HDAC1 and 2, also decreased its expression level. MS-275 downregulated the expression of the transcription factor complex GABP, in addition to suppressing Robo4 promoter activity. GABP expression was also downregulated by the siRNA against HDAC3. MS-275 decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance of a monolayer of mouse endothelial cells and increased the rate of leakage of Evans blue dye in the mouse lungs. In addition, MS-275 accelerated cell migration through the endothelial cell monolayer and augmented cell extravasation in the mouse lungs. Taken together, we demonstrated that MS-275 suppresses Robo4 expression by inhibiting HDAC3 in endothelial cells and enhances endothelial and vascular permeability. Thus, we demonstrated a novel mechanism regulating Robo4 expression and vascular permeability, which is anticipated to contribute to future therapies for infectious and inflammatory diseases.

The Robo4-TRAF7 complex suppresses endothelial hyperpermeability in inflammation.

Roundabout guidance receptor 4 (Robo4) is an endothelial cell-specific receptor that stabilizes the vasculature in pathological angiogenesis. Although Robo4 has been shown to suppress vascular hyperpermeability induced by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis, the role of Robo4 in inflammation is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of Robo4 in vascular hyperpermeability during inflammation. Endotoxemia models using Robo4-/- mice showed increased mortality and vascular leakage. In endothelial cells, Robo4 suppressed tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced hyperpermeability by stabilizing VE-cadherin at cell junctions, and deletion assays revealed that the C-terminus of Robo4 was involved in this suppression. Through binding and localization assays, we demonstrated that in endothelial cells, Robo4 binds to TNF receptor-associated factor 7 (TRAF7) through interaction with the C-terminus of Robo4. Gain- and loss-of-function studies of TRAF7 with or without Robo4 expression showed that TRAF7 is required for Robo4-mediated suppression of hyperpermeability. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the Robo4-TRAF7 complex is a novel negative regulator of inflammatory hyperpermeability. We propose this complex as a potential future target for protection against inflammatory diseases.

Endothelial Robo4 regulates IL-6 production by endothelial cells and monocytes via a crosstalk mechanism in inflammation.

Roundabout4 (Robo4) is an endothelial cell-specific receptor that stabilizes vasculature in pathological angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that Robo4 is a potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases, but its precise roles in inflammation remain unclear. To investigate physiological Robo4 functions in inflammation, we performed a loss-of-function study in vitro and in vivo using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia models. Subcutaneous injection of LPS into Robo4-knockout mice reduced circulating IL-6 levels. siRNA-mediated Robo4 knockdown suppressed IL-6 production induced by LPS, IL-1ß, and TNFα, in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Coculture experiments with HUVECs and a monocytic cell line, U937 cells, demonstrated that Robo4 knockdown suppresses IL-6 production by both endothelial cells and U937 cells. Further coculture experiments demonstrated that Robo4 knockdown inhibited a novel IL-6 amplification mechanism mediated by crosstalk between endothelial cells and U937 cells via direct interactions and two mediators, GM-CSF and IL-1ß. Taken together, we demonstrated novel Robo4 functions in inflammation, i.e., it promotes IL-6 production by endothelial cells and immune cells via crosstalk.

Tumor Necrosis Factor α Induces the Expression of the Endothelial Cell-Specific Receptor Roundabout4 through the Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway.

Roundabout4 (Robo4) is an endothelial cell-specific receptor that regulates vascular stability. Recently, Robo4 has been shown to regulate vascular permeability in inflammation. However, the mechanisms regulating the Robo4 gene in the context of inflammation are poorly understood. In this study, we found that intravenous injection of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α increased Robo4 expression in mouse organs. In vitro analyses showed that TNFα increased Robo4 expression in human primary endothelial cells, but not in cells pretreated with a nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitor. Reporter assays using wild-type and mutant Robo4 promoters indicated that TNFα activated the Robo4 promoter and that both the -2753 and -2220 NF-κB motifs were essential for this activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that the NF-κB p65-p50 heterodimer bound to these motifs. These findings were further supported by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays in endothelial cells. Taken together, these results indicated that TNFα induced Robo4 expression by facilitating NF-κB p65-p50 heterodimer binding to the -2753 and -2220 motifs in the Robo4 promoter in endothelial cells in the context of inflammation.