Increase in rod diffusivity emerges even in Markovian nature.

Rod-shaped particles embedded in certain matrices have been reported to exhibit an increase in their center of mass diffusivity upon increasing the matrix density. This increase has been considered to be caused by a kinetic constraint in analogy with tube models. We investigate a mobile rodlike particle in a sea of immobile point obstacles using a kinetic Monte Carlo scheme equipped with a Markovian process, that generates gaslike collision statistics, so that such kinetic constraints do essentially not exist. Even in such a system, provided the particle's aspect ratio exceeds a threshold value of about 24, the unusual increase in the rod diffusivity emerges. This result implies that the kinetic constraint is not a necessary condition for the increase in the diffusivity.

Fluctuating diffusivity emerges even in binary gas mixtures.

Diffusivity in some soft matter and biological systems changes with time, called the fluctuating diffusivity. In this work, we propose a novel origin for fluctuating diffusivity based on stochastic simulations of binary gas mixtures. In this system, the fraction of one component is significantly small, and the mass of the minor component molecule is different from that of the major component. The minor component exhibits fluctuating diffusivity when its mass is sufficiently smaller than that of the major component. We elucidate that this fluctuating diffusivity is caused by the time scale separation between the relaxation of the velocity direction and the speed of the minor component molecule.

Mathematical Modeling of Outdoor Natural Weathering of Polycarbonate: Regional Characteristics of Degradation Behaviors.

Many natural exposure sites have been developed to ensure the reliability of materials intended for outdoor use. However, the effects of local climate on aging have not been completely understood. This study aimed to elucidate the regional characteristics of natural aging. Non-stabilized and stabilized polycarbonates were monitored in terms of their appearance (yellowing and loss of gloss) during natural weathering at five exposure sites (Tokyo, Kagoshima, Okinawa, Florida, and Arizona) in conjunction with climate fluctuation for up to 24 months. Three approaches were employed to characterize the natural aging behaviors: (i) modeling the rate function of degradation, (ii) evaluating the contribution ratio of individual degradational factors, and (iii) estimating the "synchronicity" by cross-correlation analysis with the climate dataset. The aging rates were the highest in Arizona and lowest in Kagoshima among the five exposure sites. First, prediction curves were constructed from the degradation rate function (variables: UV irradiation, temperature, and humidity), and these curves were found to agree well with the measured aging behaviors. Second, the exposure data in Arizona demonstrated strong temperature dependence, while those in Okinawa and Florida had stronger dependence on UV irradiation compared to other sites. Lastly, the synchronicity between UV irradiation and temperature was the highest in Arizona and lowest in Kagoshima, which can explain the significantly faster deterioration in Arizona and the slow deterioration in Kagoshima.

[Evaluating Eye Lens Dose of Neurovascular and Cardiac Electrophysiology Interventional Physician].

PURPOSE: The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommended that interventional radiologies (IRs) have high radiation doses and that staff may also be exposed to high doses. In the present study, we measured the radiation exposure dose [3 mm dose equivalent, Hp (3) ] in the eye using an appropriate dosimeter placed next to the physician' s eye during neurovascular intervention procedure (Neuro-IR) and interventional cardiac electrophysiology procedure (EP-IR). METHOD: Physicians wore a direct eye dosemeter just lateral to the left eye and an additional direct eye dosemeter outside the radiation protective glasses close to their left eye. Additionally, a neck badge [0.07 mm dose equivalent, Hp (0.07) ] was worn outside the protective apron to the left of the neck, to compare the direct eye dosimeter estimated doses. The occupational eye lens dose was evaluated over a period of 6-month. RESULTS: The maximum Hp (3) of the Neuro-IR physician was estimated 5.1 mSv without the radiation protective glasses and 1.6 mSv with the radiation protective glasses. On the other hand, the maximum Hp (3) of the EP-IR physician was estimated 29 mSv without the radiation protective glasses and 15 mSv with the radiation protective glasses. CONCLUSION: Physicians eye lens dose [Hp (3) ] tended to be overestimated by the neck badge measurements [Hp (0.07)]. A correct evaluation of the lens dose [Hp (3) ] using the direct eye dosimeter is recommended. Although we found a positive correlation between Hp (0.07) and Hp (3), the value of R2 in the regression equation is low, we recommended that the eye lens dose estimated carefully from Hp (0.07).

OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE DOSE OF THE EYE IN DEPARTMENT OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA PHYSICIAN.

Interventional radiology (IR) procedures tend to be complex, which delivers high radiation exposure to patient. In the present study, we measured the radiation exposure dose [Hp(3)] in the eye using a direct eye dosemeter placed next to the physician's eye during procedures. Physicians wore a direct eye dosemeter just lateral to eyes and an additional direct eye dosemeter outside the radiation protective eyeglasses close to their eyes. Additionally, a neck glass badge was worn at the neck. Although we found a positive correlation between the left neck glass badge dose [Hp(0.07)] and the left eye lens dose [Hp(3)], the value of R2 of the regression equation were 0.62 and 0.71 (outside and inside). We thought that the exact eye lens dose might not be estimated from the neck glass badge. In conclusion, a correct evaluation of the lens dose [Hp(3)] using the direct eye dosemeter is recommended for tachyarrhythmia physicians.

OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION EXPOSURE OF THE EYE IN NEUROVASCULAR INTERVENTIONAL PHYSICIAN.

Neurovascular interventional radiology (neuro-IR) procedures tend to require an extended fluoroscopic exposure time and repeated digital subtraction angiography. To evaluate the actual measurement of eye lens dose using a direct eye dosemeter in neuro-IR physicians is important. Direct dosimetry using the DOSIRIS™ (IRSN, France) [3 mm dose equivalent, Hp(3)] was performed on 86 cases. Additionally, a neck personal dosemeter (glass badge) [0.07 mm dose equivalent, Hp(0.07)] was worn outside the protective apron to the left of the neck. The average doses per case of neuro-IR physicians were 0.04 mSv/case and 0.02 mSv/case, outside and inside the radiation protection glasses, respectively. The protective effect of radiation protection glasses was approximately 60%. The physician eye lens dose tended to be overestimated by the neck glass badge measurements. A correct evaluation of the lens dose [Hp(3)] using an eye dosemeter such as DOSIRIS™ is needed for neuro-IR physicians.

Consideration of the Protection Curtain's Shielding Ability after Identifying the Source of Scattered Radiation in the Angiography.

To decrease radiation exposure to medical staff performing angiography, the dose distribution in the angiography was calculated in room using the particle and heavy ion transport code system (PHITS), which is based on Monte Carlo code, and the source of scattered radiation was confirmed using a tungsten sheet by considering the difference shielding performance among different sheet placements. Scattered radiation generated from a flat panel detector, X-ray tube and bed was calculated using the PHITS. In this experiment, the source of scattered radiation was identified as the phantom or acrylic window attached to the X-ray tube thus, a protection curtain was placed on the bed to shield against scattered radiation at low positions. There was an average difference of 20% between the measured and calculated values. The H*(10) value decreased after placing the sheet on the right side of the phantom. Thus, the curtain could decrease scattered radiation.

[Examination of Visual Effect in Low-dose Cerebral CT Perfusion Phantom Image Using Iterative Reconstruction].

CT perfusion (CTP) is obtained cerebrovascular circulation image for assessment of stroke patients; however, at the expense of increased radiation dose by dynamic scan. Iterative reconstruction (IR) method is possible to decrease image noise, it has the potential to reduce radiation dose. The purpose of this study is to assess the visual effect of IR method by using a digital perfusion phantom. The digital perfusion phantom was created by reconstructed filtered back projection (FBP) method and IR method CT images that had five exposure doses. Various exposure dose cerebral blood flow (CBF) images were derived from deconvolution algorithm. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and visual assessment were compared among the various exposure dose and each reconstructions. Result of low exposure dose with IR method showed, compared with FBP method, high CNR in severe ischemic area, and visual assessment was significantly improvement. IR method is useful for improving image quality of low-dose CTP.

[Reduction of radiation exposure during computed tomography perfusion using an iterative reconstruction method].

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the image noise reduction effect of iterative reconstruction (IR) when used to reduce radiation exposure during computed tomography (CT) perfusion. We scanned a contrast phantom using various radiation doses. Image reconstruction was via filtered back projection (FBP) and IR (adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D: AIDR3D). AIDR3D provided four levels of noise reduction (weak, mild, standard, and strong). We examined the accuracy of CTP map (cerebral blood volume: CBV, mean transist time: MTT, cerebral blood flow: CBF) low-dose IR images to create a digital perfusion phantom that simulates the dynamic curve of ischemic cases using reconstructed images. The optimal filter type of IR was evaluated in the low-frequency area of the NPS at low doses. We were able to obtain the optimal filter type of IR in the low-frequency area of the NPS that was equivalent to that of the reference (150 mA, FBP). The CTP map created using the optimal filter type of IR allowed dose reduction to 80 mA, much lower than the reference. We conclude that it is possible to reduce the dose to 46% of the reference level by using the NPS for dose reduction and IR. IR thus has the potential to contribute to reduction of radiation exposure during CT perfusion.