Preferences for health information in middle-aged Japanese workers based on health literacy levels: a descriptive study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the health information preferences in middle-aged Japanese workers based on health literacy (HL) levels and presence of medications. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: We performed a web-based questionnaire survey with Japanese workers aged below 60 years. HL was assessed using the total score of communicative skills (five items) and critical skills (four items) from the 14-item Health Literacy Scale. Regarding their health information preferences, participants were asked about the health information they wanted (four items), could easily understand (six items), or easily use (two items) and answered on a 4-point scale (strongly agree/agree/disagree/strongly disagree). The percentages of the affirmative responses (strongly agree or agree) were compared among tertiles based on the HL score. RESULTS: We obtained data from a total of 3387 volunteers, of whom 510 participants were on either antihypertensive, lipid-lowering, or antidiabetic drugs. Compared with the high HL and middle HL groups, low HL had fewer affirmative responses to most health information items. Health information items received 70% of affirmative responses even in the low HL level. They were visually shown by figures or pictures, highlighted by colors for important points, could be read in 1-2 min, and were accessed on the Internet, regardless of the presence of medications. Additionally, the explanation for mechanisms of medications or lifestyle to prevent or improve diseases showed high affinity in all HL levels, only for those on medications. CONCLUSIONS: This result generates a hypothesis that low HL individuals have a low interest in health information. Our data showed several possible forms of health information with high affinity based on HL levels that would help plan future population approaches.

Physiological responses to central and peripheral injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid in chicks.

1. The purpose of the present study was to determine if intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intraperitoneal (IP) injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), a viral mimetic that binds to toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3), affects food intake, voluntary activity, cloacal temperature, plasma corticosterone (CORT) and glucose concentrations, and crop emptying rate in chicks (Gallus gallus). 2. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly decreased food intake. 3. IP but not ICV injection of poly I:C significantly suppressed voluntary activity, whereas ICV injection decreased time spent sitting. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly increased plasma CORT and glucose concentration. Neither ICV nor IP injection of poly I:C significantly affected cloacal temperature. 4. In addition, ICV injection of poly I:C significantly reduced crop emptying rate, whereas IP injection had no effect. 5. These results suggested that central TLR3 is related to anorexia, stress response and retardation of crop emptying while peripheral TLR3 is related to anorexia, change in behaviour and stress responses during viral infection in chicks.

A red fluorophore comprising a borinate-containing xanthene analogue as a polyol sensor.

A xanthene derivative containing a borinate moiety emitted red fluorescence with a high quantum yield. The interaction between the borinate and a sugar molecule induced a fluorescence change based on the change in the HOMO-LUMO gap. The response was pH-resistant in a wide range. In addition, catechol quenched through photoinduced electron transfer. The red fluorescence and polyol binding ability of dyes will pave the way for new biological applications of chemical sensors.

Genetic analysis of interspecific incompatibility in Brassica rapa.

In interspecific pollination of Brassica rapa stigmas with Brassica oleracea pollen grains, pollen tubes cannot penetrate stigma tissues. This trait, called interspecific incompatibility, is similar to self-incompatibility in pollen tube behaviors of rejected pollen grains. Since some B. rapa lines have no interspecific incompatibility, genetic analysis of interspecific incompatibility was performed using two F(2) populations. Analysis with an F(2) population between an interspecific-incompatible line and a self-compatible cultivar 'Yellow sarson' having non-functional alleles of S-locus genes and MLPK, the stigmas of which are compatible with B. oleracea pollen grains, revealed no involvement of the S locus and MLPK in the difference of their interspecific incompatibility phenotypes. In QTL analysis of the strength of interspecific incompatibility, three peaks of LOD scores were found, but their LOD scores were as high as the threshold value, and the variance explained by each QTL was small. QTL analysis using another F(2) population derived from selected parents having the highest and lowest levels of interspecific incompatibility revealed five QTLs with high LOD scores, which did not correspond to those found in the former population. The QTL having the highest LOD score was found in linkage group A02. The effect of this QTL on interspecific incompatibility was confirmed by analyzing backcrossed progeny. Based on synteny of this QTL region with Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5, a possible candidate gene, which might be involved in interspecific incompatibility, is discussed.

Hypocretin/orexin and narcolepsy: new basic and clinical insights.

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder, characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), cataplexy, sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations. Both sporadic (95%) and familial (5%) forms of narcolepsy exist in humans. The major pathophysiology of human narcolepsy has been recently discovered based on the discovery of narcolepsy genes in animals; the genes involved in the pathology of the hypocretin/orexin ligand and its receptor. Mutations in hypocretin-related genes are rare in humans, but hypocretin ligand deficiency is found in a large majority of narcolepsy with cataplexy. Hypocretin ligand deficiency in human narcolepsy is probably due to the post-natal cell death of hypocretin neurones. Although a close association between human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and human narcolepsy with cataplexy suggests an involvement of autoimmune mechanisms, this has not yet been proved. Hypocretin deficiency is also found in symptomatic cases of narcolepsy and EDS with various neurological conditions, including immune-mediated neurological disorders, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, MA2-positive paraneoplastic syndrome and neuromyelitis optica (NMO)-related disorder. The findings in symptomatic narcoleptic cases may have significant clinical relevance to the understanding of the mechanisms of hypocretin cell death and choice of treatment option. The discoveries in human cases lead to the establishment of the new diagnostic test of narcolepsy (i.e. low cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 levels for 'narcolepsy with cataplexy' and 'narcolepsy due to medical condition'). As a large majority of human narcolepsy patients are ligand deficient, hypocretin replacement therapy may be a promising new therapeutic option, and animal experiments using gene therapy and cell transplantations are in progress.

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and taste sensation.

Humans have 5 basic taste sensations: sweet, bitter, sour, salty, and umami (taste of 1-amino acids). Among 33 genes related to transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, 3--including TRP-melastatin 5 (TRPM5), polycystic kidney disease-1-like 3 (PKD1L3), and polycystic kidney disease-2-like 1 (PKD2L1)--are specifically and abundantly expressed in taste receptor cells. TRP-melastatin 5 is co-expressed with taste receptors T1Rs and T2Rs, and functions as a common downstream component in sweet, bitter, and umami taste signal transduction. In contrast, polycystic kidney disease-1-like 3 and polycystic kidney disease-2-like 1 are co-expressed in distinct subsets of taste receptor cells not expressing TRP-melastatin 5. In the heterologous expression system, cells expressing both polycystic kidney disease-1-like 3 and polycystic kidney disease-2-like 1 responded to sour stimuli, showing a unique "off-response" property. Genetic ablation of poly-cystic kidney disease-2-like 1-expressing cells resulted in elimination of gustatory nerve response to sour stimuli, indicating that cells expressing polycystic kidney disease-2-like 1 function as sour taste detectors. These results suggest that polycystic kidney disease-1-like 3/polycystic kidney disease-2-like 1 may play a significant role, possibly as taste receptors, in sour taste sensation.

[Nonpenetrating traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta and left subclavian artery; report of a case].

Nonpenetrating traumatic injury of the thoracic aorta and/or its major branch is usually fatal and the treatment of this condition carries extremely high risk because of associated visceral organ injuries. Accurate diagnosis have been difficult. However, recently developed multi-slice helical computed tomography (CT) is highly sensitive in early detection of precise location of injury and associating injuries of other organs. Here we report our case with combined thoracic aortic and left subclavian artery injuries, diagnosed by 3-dimensional (3-D) CT and treated successfully.

Reproducibility of the brain perfusion index for measuring cerebral blood flow using technetium-99m compounds.

We previously developed an alternative method for estimating the brain perfusion index (BPI) using technetium-99m compounds and spectral analysis (SA) for quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this study, we investigated the reproducibility of the BPI values obtained by SA (BPIS) using a double injection of technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer without any intervention, and compared it with that of the BPI values obtained by graphical analysis (BPIG). The BPIS values in the first (x) and second sessions (y) correlated closely (y=0.921x+0.036; r=0.962; n=64; s.e.e.=0.058 min-1). Although the BPIG values in the first (x) and second sessions (y) also correlated (y=0.942x+0.040; r=0.916; n=64; s.e.e.=0.061 min-1), the correlation coefficient for BPIS was significantly higher than that for BPIG. The reproducibility was dependent on the injection dose ratio of the second session to the first (R). The difference in BPI between the first and second sessions tended to be smaller when 1.5

Treatment of VX2 carcinoma implanted in the liver with arterial and intraperitoneal administration of oily anticancer agents.

PURPOSE: Long-term survival and cure cannot be achieved in patients with unresectable, advanced abdominal cancer, because no chemotherapeutic treatment has definite antitumor activity for malignant solid tumor and its dissemination. In this study, arterial and intraperitoneal administration of oily anticancer agents, which have properties that permit targeted chemotherapy for VX2 carcinoma implanted in the liver, was attempted to achieve long-term survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rabbits bearing VX2 tumors in the liver measuring 1-2 cm in diameter received an arterial injection of 0.2 ml of nitrogen mustard N-Oxide (HN2-O) dissolved in Lipiodol (7.5 mg/ml), a newly developed oily anticancer agent, for the tumor and an intraperitoneal injection of a cocktail of oily anticancer agents for the prevention of intraperitoneal dissemination. RESULTS: Twelve out of thirteen rabbits survived and VX2 cancer was not observed in these 12 rabbits. The controls received a sham operation, an intraperitoneal injection of the cocktail of oily anticancer agents alone, or an arterial injection of HN2-O/Lipiodol alone. In these control groups, 27 out of 29 rabbits died of cancer. To examine the dose form for arterial injection, 14 rabbits received an arterial injection of the simple mixture of HN2-O dissolved in physiological saline and Lipiodol, with an additional intraperitoneal injection of the cocktail. Eight of these 14 rabbits died of enlargement of the hepatic tumor and peritoneal dissemination. CONCLUSION: Long-term survival and cure was achieved in almost all rabbits bearing VX2 tumor in the liver by simultaneous arterial and intraperitoneal injection of oily anticancer agents.

An actin-binding protein, CAP, is expressed in a subset of rat taste bud cells.

Single cell cDNA libraries were constructed from taste bud cells of rat circumvallate papillae. Using three steps of screening, including differential hybridization, sequence analyses and in situ hybridization, a clone encoding a rat homolog of yeast adenylyl cyclase-associated protein (CAP) was identified to be highly expressed in a subset of taste bud cells.

Profilin plays a role in cell elongation, cell shape maintenance, and flowering in Arabidopsis.

Profilin (PFN) is an ubiquitous, low-M(r), actin-binding protein involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotes including higher plants. PFNs are encoded by a multigene family in Arabidopsis. We have analyzed in vivo functions of Arabidopsis PFN by generating transgenic plants carrying a 35S-PFN-1 or 35S-antisense PFN-1 transgene. Etiolated seedlings underexpressing PFN (PFN-U) displayed an overall dwarf phenotype with short hypocotyls whose lengths were 20% to 25% that of wild type (WT) at low temperatures. Light-grown PFN-U plants were smaller in stature and flowered early. Compared with equivalent cells in WT, most cells in PFN-U hypocotyls and roots were shorter, but more isodiametric, and microscopic observations of etiolated PFN-U hypocotyls revealed a rough epidermal surface. In contrast, light-grown seedlings overexpressing PFN had longer roots and root hair although etiolated seedlings overexpressing PFN were either the same size or slightly longer than WT seedlings. Transgenic seedlings harboring a PFN-1-GUS transgene directed expression in root and root hair and in a ring of cells at the elongating zone of the root tip. As the seedlings matured PFN-1-GUS was mainly expressed in the vascular bundles of cotyledons and leaves. Our results show that Arabidopsis PFNs play a role in cell elongation, cell shape maintenance, polarized growth of root hair, and unexpectedly, in determination of flowering time.

Histopathological study of venous aneurysms in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas.

OBJECT: Of all intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs), those with cortical venous drainage associated with cortical venous ectasia or varices are predisposed to an aggressive course and produce progressive neurological symptoms or hemorrhages. The authors undertook a histological examination of venous aneurysms and arterialized veins in the proximity of these aneurysms that had been surgically removed in patients with DAVFs. METHODS: Surgical specimens were obtained in eight patients. The excised venous aneurysms and the arterialized veins in their proximity were stained using hematoxylin and eosin, van Gieson's elastic, and Masson's trichrome stain. Immunostaining was also performed for alpha smooth-muscle actin, desmin, and factor VIII antigen. Five of the patients had presented with venous hypertension, and three had intracranial hemorrhages. The arterialized vein obtained in the proximity of the venous aneurysm exhibited local irregular intimal thickening; the internal elastic lamina (IEL) was grossly preserved. All venous aneurysms in patients with venous hypertension manifested medial thickening and local intimal thickening with loss of IEL; the thickness of the wall was relatively uniform. In contrast, the wall thickness of venous aneurysms in patients with hemorrhage was extremely irregular and there was no clear delineation between the media and the intima. In media with complete disappearance of IEL, there was scant muscle tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Degenerative changes in venous aneurysms in patients with hemorrhage were much greater than in patients with venous hypertension, possibly because hemorrhages result from a more complicated interplay of anatomical, hemodynamic, and degenerative factors.

Functional transformation of plant peroxisomes.

Peroxisomes in higher plant cells are known to differentiate into at least three different classes, namely, glyoxysomes, leaf peroxisomes, and unspecialized peroxisomes, depending on the cell types. In germinating fatty seedlings, glyoxysomes that first appear in the etiolated cotyledonary cells are functionally transformed into leaf peroxisomes during greening. Subsequently, the organelles are transformed back into glyoxysomes during senescence of the cotyledons. Flexibility of function is a distinct feature of plant peroxisomes. This article briefly describes recent studies of the regulatory mechanisms involved in the changes of the function of plant peroxisomes.

Asymmetric expression of antivin/lefty1 in the early chick embryo.

Mammalian lefty and zebrafish antivin, highly related to lefty, are shown to be expressed asymmetrically and involved in the specification of the left body side of early embryos. We isolated a chick homologue of the antivin/lefty1 cDNA and studied its expression pattern during early chick development. We found that antivin/lefty1 is expressed asymmetrically on the left side of the prospective floorplate, notochord and lateral plate mesoderm of the chick embryo.

An alternative approach to estimation of the brain perfusion index for measurement of cerebral blood flow using technetium-99m compounds.

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been quantified non-invasively using the brain perfusion index (BPI) determined from radionuclide angiographic data generated by technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime( )((99m)Tc-HMPAO) or technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer( )((99m)Tc-ECD). The BPI is generally calculated using graphical analysis (GA). In the present study, BPI was measured using spectral analysis (SA), and its usefulness evaluated in comparison with GA. The BPI was calculated from the sum of spectral data obtained by SA. We applied this method to radionuclide angiographic data collected from the bilateral brain hemispheres of 20 patients with various brain diseases using (99m)Tc-HMPAO and from those of 20 patients using (99m)Tc-ECD. We also measured BPI using GA. The BPI values obtained by SA (BPI(S)) (x) and by GA (BPI(G)) (y) correlated closely (y=0.708x+0.038, r=0.945 for (99m)Tc-HMPAO and y=0.559x+0.093, r=0.931 for (99m)Tc-ECD). However, the BPI(G) values were underestimated by 22.9%+/-6.6% (mean+/-SD) for (99m)Tc-HMPAO and by 27.9%+/-7.5% for (99m)Tc-ECD as compared with the BPI(S) values. The extent of underestimation tended to increase with increasing BPI(S) values. These findings were considered to be a result of the BPI(G) values being affected by the first-pass extraction fraction of the tracer. We also compared the BPI(S) and BPI(G) values with those of CBF measured using N-isopropyl-p-[(123)I]iodoamphetamine (CBF(IMP)) in 16 patients (six for (99m)Tc-HMPAO and ten for (99m)Tc-ECD). Although both BPI(S) and BPI(G) values correlated significantly with the CBF(IMP) values, the correlation coefficient in BPI(S) was always better than that in BPI(G) (r=0.869 for (99m)Tc-HMPAO and r=0.929 for (99m)Tc-ECD in BPI(S), r=0.629 for (99m)Tc-HMPAO and r=0.856 for (99m)Tc-ECD in BPI(G)). These results suggest that SA can provide a more reliable BPI for quantifying CBF using (99m)Tc-HMPAO or (99m)Tc-ECD than the conventional method using GA. Our method will be useful especially when using a tracer with a low first-pass extraction fraction and/or when performing activation studies using pharmacological intervention.

[Estimation of integral of input function for quantification of cerebral blood flow with N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine using one-point venous blood sampling].

The present study was designed to investigate a possibility of substitution of the venous blood radioactivity counts sampled 26 min post injection for the octanol-extracted arterial blood radioactivity counts obtained at 5 min after the injection of N-isopropyl-p-[123I]iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP). Furthermore, we investigated whether the integral of input function can be estimated from the venous blood radioactivity counts sampled 26 min post injection and the whole-brain time-activity curves early after 123I-IMP injection. There was a good correlation between the arterial blood radioactivity counts sampled 5 min post injection (y) and those obtained at 26 min (r = 0.902; n = 91; y = 2.348x - 867.063). There was also a good correlation between the arterial (x) and venous blood radioactivity counts (y) sampled 26 min post injection (r = 0.954; n = 14; y = 0.761x + 924.336). The venous blood radioactivity counts sampled at 26 min (x) correlated well with the octanol-extracted arterial blood radioactivity counts sampled at 5 min (y) (r = 0.964; n = 32; y = 0.173x - 21.598). There was a good correlation between the integrals of input function obtained from the regression equation obtained above and the whole-brain time-activity curves acquired during 7 min post injection (y) and those obtained by 5-min continuous arterial blood sampling (x) (r = 0.965; n = 41; y = 0.957x + 2665.208). These results indicate that this noninvasive and simple method can estimate the integral of input function for quantification of cerebral blood flow using 123I-IMP.