[The potential of donorship: motives and factors of population joining the bone marrow registry].

The allogenic bone marrow transplantation has turned from experimental treatment method into standard therapy of many malignant hematological diseases, autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiency conditions. The need for bone marrow transplantation is experienced by thousands of patients with blood cancer at the limited number of real donors. The determining potential of donation, as well as identifying motives and factors that contribute into or prevent joining of citizens the register of bone marrow donors, is of particular actuality. The study was carried out in two stages, based on combined strategy of methods for collecting empirical information (mixed methods research). At the first stage, based on the results of series of in-depth interviews implemented within the framework of the Blood 5 media project (Rusfond, 2019), the types of motivations for donation were identified. At the second stage (June 2022) formalized survey of potential donors of the Vasya Perevoshchikov National Register of Bone Marrow Donors (hereinafter referred to as the National Register) was carried out. The sampling included 8037 respondents: 13.7% of all bone marrow donors listed in the National Register. The opinions of the Russians that joined the National Register demonstrate complicated picture of motives and factors determining personal strategies and experience of participation in donation. The fears and obstacles to bone marrow donation are widespread in public consciousness due to insufficient information about donorship procedure and its consequences. The donorship potential is rather high, but it is not fully implemented. The Russians are frustrated about participating in donorship. They understand the need for donorship, realize it as moral duty, as complicity to important cause, empathy towards patients. At the same time they are afraid for their health, because they are not sufficiently aware of the essence of donorship and its consequences.

[The attitude and willingness to blood donorship among student youth of metropolis].

The shortage of blood donors is significant problem of Russian health care. The potential of involving new blood donors can be found, in particular, in activities on popularization of blood donor practices among students. The empirical study was carried out in 2022 to determine attitude of students and their willingness to take part in practices of blood donorship. The online survey of university students was implemented based on representative quota sampling of 1 135 respondents with gender, educational status and place of residence controlled. The results demonstrate complicated picture of motives and factors predetermining personal strategies and experiences of participation in blood donorship. The contradiction between positive attitude to blood donorship declared by students and passive behavioral practices was revealed. The motivation for blood donorship, mainly individual, is assessed as personal choice of student. The motivation based on altruism and desire to provide effective help is determinative. However, such obstacles of implementing blood donorship practices as insufficient information about possibilities and consequences of blood donorship, distrust of health care system, fear of blood collection procedure, lack of remuneration.

[The design of research project of behavioral strategies of women with breast cancer experience].

The breast cancer can be successfully cured after its early diagnosis. Nevertheless, this disease remains one of the main causes of female mortality in Russia and in the world. The effective mode of overcoming this disease is to intensify institutional programs of prevention and treatment in context of the national health care system. The efficacy of such programs depends on social economic inequality and differences between population groups with respect to informational, financial and regional aspects. The study design includes: comprehensive approach to analysis of social economic and infrastructural conditions of organization of prevention and treatment of breast cancer; of characteristics of symbolic filling of the breast cancer phenomenon in the Russian society; of factors determining willingness and ability of women of different social status groups to be involved in prevention and treatment of breast cancer and conditions, including conditions of increasing their subjectness.

[The Population Need in Genetic Tests for Predisposition to Breast Cancer].

The article presents the results of sociological survey of women of the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia) concerning establishment of level of awareness about risks of development of oncologic diseases, need for application of genetic tests determining predisposition to breast and ovary cancer and also motives of acceptance or nonacceptance of existing modes of diagnostic and prevention of oncologic diseases. The breast and ovary cancer are among the most prevalent causes of female mortality in Russia. It is established that females with gene mutations BRCA1 and BRCA2 have a higher risk of development of breast and ovary cancer. Therefore, to determine character of genes BRCA in human genome is actual for prevention of oncologic diseases. The early diagnostic of oncologic diseases can significantly increase effectiveness of struggle with similar illnesses. The obtained data shows superficial awareness of Russian females about problem of breast and ovary cancer. The majority knows about existence of gene predisposition to disease but are not aware of characteristics of diagnostic, prevention and treatment of of these types of oncologic diseases. The female respondents in most cases are favorable to pass genetic diagnostic. However, they demonstrate nonacceptance of such radical mode of problem solution as preventive surgery of ablation of potentially dangerous organ. The most of female respondents prefer strategies of traditional monitoring for early detection of disease. The main causes of refusal of early gene diagnostic and preventive surgery are related, besides psychological and personal phobias, to such factors as distrust to health care system and uncertainty in qualification and accessibility of medical care.