Raised speed limits, speed spillover, case-fatality rates, and road deaths in Israel: a 5-year follow-up.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed the 5-year, nationwide impact on road deaths of the raise in the speed limit (November 1, 1993) on 3 major interurban highways in Israel from 90 to 100 kph. METHODS: We compared before-after trends in deaths as well as case fatality-an outcome independent of exposure (defined as vehicle-kilometers traveled). RESULTS: After the raise, speeds rose by 4.5%-9.1%. Over 5 years, there was a sustained increase in deaths (15%) and case fatality rates (38%) on all interurban roads. Corresponding increases in deaths (13%) and case fatality (24%) on urban roads indicated "speed spillover." CONCLUSIONS: Immediate increases in case fatality predicted and tracked the sustained increase in deaths from increased speeds of impact. Newtonian fourth power models predicted the effects of "small" increases in speed on large rises in case fatality rates. Countermeasures and congestion reduced the impact on deaths and case-fatality rates by more than half.

[Updating the basket of health services].

The process by which services are added to Israel's basic basket of health services constitutes a unique effort to tackle the most difficult of ethical issues. In some years, since 1997, the Israeli government allocated an increment of about 1% to the national health budget for the purpose of expanding the basic basket of health services provided under national health insurance. A public committee has been created for this purpose of deciding which of hundreds of potential entrants, should be added within the above budget constraint. The committee integrates available scientific evidence on effectiveness with social values to come up with a ranking. The process has attracted a great deal of public attention, most notably in the printed media, which usually focuses on the plight of specific individuals whose "desired drug" has not been added to the basket. In addition, the courts have, on occasion, intervened to reverse decisions of the committee in the contexts of suits brought by individuals seeking coverage for a treatment not currently included in the basket. Thus, Israel's brave attempt to cope with the necessity of health care rationing needs to be fine-tuned in terms of the information provided to the public about the process and the balance of scientific, economic, judicial and political inputs into the process.

Effect of a computerized alert on the management of hypokalemia in hospitalized patients.

BACKGROUND: Electrolyte abnormalities, including hypokalemia, are frequently encountered among hospitalized patients. Their management, when carefully audited, reveals major shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a computerized alert on the management of severe hypokalemia in hospitalized patients. METHODS: All patients who experienced severe hypokalemia (serum potassium levels <3.0 mEq/L) during their hospitalization at Hadassah Medical Center (a 1000-bed teaching institution on 2 campuses in Jerusalem, Israel) were included in the study. The study intervention was a computerized alert consisting of a flashing screen or printed warning for patients with serum potassium levels below 3.0 mEq/L, visible whenever an individual patient's or entire ward's results were accessed on any hospital computer. Using a previously validated computerized audit technique, we analyzed the management of hypokalemia 6 months before and 6 months after implementation of the alert intervention. RESULTS: Comparing outcomes before and after the intervention, nonmeasurement of a subsequent serum potassium level after an initial low value decreased by 36.1% (P =.08). Failure to correct the serum potassium level to above 3.5 mEq/L during the hospitalization decreased by 28.6% (P =.02). Discharge from the hospital with a subnormal serum potassium level decreased by 17.2% (P =.06). CONCLUSIONS: A computerized alert system improved the management of hypokalemia in a tertiary care hospital. This was achieved at minimal cost and with no evidence of harm. The computerized audit based on a laboratory information system is an efficient tool for evaluating this intervention.