Cloning of cDNA sequences encoding cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) vicilins: Computational simulations suggest a binding mode of cowpea vicilins to chitin oligomers.

Vicilins are 7S globulins which constitute the major seed storage proteins in leguminous species. Variant vicilins showing differential binding affinities for chitin have been implicated in the resistance and susceptibility of cowpea to the bruchid Callosobruchus maculatus. These proteins are members of the cupin superfamily, which includes a wide variety of enzymes and non-catalytic seed storage proteins. The cupin fold does not share similarity with any known chitin-biding domain. Therefore, it is poorly understood how these storage proteins bind to chitin. In this work, partial cDNA sequences encoding ß-vignin, the major component of cowpea vicilins, were obtained from developing seeds. Three-dimensional molecular models of ß-vignin showed the characteristic cupin fold and computational simulations revealed that each vicilin trimer contained 3 chitin-binding sites. Interaction models showed that chito-oligosaccharides bound to ß-vignin were stabilized mainly by hydrogen bonds, a common structural feature of typical carbohydrate-binding proteins. Furthermore, many of the residues involved in the chitin-binding sites of ß-vignin are conserved in other 7S globulins. These results support previous experimental evidences on the ability of vicilin-like proteins from cowpea and other leguminous species to bind in vitro to chitin as well as in vivo to chitinous structures of larval C. maculatus midgut.

The vibrational properties of the bee-killer imidacloprid insecticide: A molecular description.

The chemical imidacloprid belongs to the neonicotinoids insecticide class, widely used for insect pest control mainly for crop protection. However, imidacloprid is a non-selective agrochemical to the insects and it is able to kill the most important pollinators, the bees. The high toxicity of imidacloprid requires controlled release and continuous monitoring. For this purpose, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is usually employed; infrared and Raman spectroscopy, however, are simple and viable techniques that can be adapted to portable devices for field application. In this communication, state-of-the-art quantum level simulations were used to predict the infrared and Raman spectra of the most stable conformer of imidacloprid. Four molecular geometries were investigated in vacuum and solvated within the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach employing the hybrid meta functional M06-2X and the hybrid functional B3LYP. The M062X/PCM model proved to be the best to predict structural features, while the values of harmonic vibrational frequencies were predicted more accurately using the B3LYP functional.

cDNA cloning, molecular modeling and docking calculations of L-type lectins from Swartzia simplex var. grandiflora (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae), a member of the tribe Swartzieae.

The genus Swartzia is a member of the tribe Swartzieae, whose genera constitute the living descendants of one of the early branches of the papilionoid legumes. Legume lectins comprise one of the main families of structurally and evolutionarily related carbohydrate-binding proteins of plant origin. However, these proteins have been poorly investigated in Swartzia and to date, only the lectin from S. laevicarpa seeds (SLL) has been purified. Moreover, no sequence information is known from lectins of any member of the tribe Swartzieae. In the present study, partial cDNA sequences encoding L-type lectins were obtained from developing seeds of S. simplex var. grandiflora. The amino acid sequences of the S. simplex grandiflora lectins (SSGLs) were only averagely related to the known primary structures of legume lectins, with sequence identities not greater than 50-52%. The SSGL sequences were more related to amino acid sequences of papilionoid lectins from members of the tribes Sophoreae and Dalbergieae and from the Cladratis and Vataireoid clades, which constitute with other taxa, the first branching lineages of the subfamily Papilionoideae. The three-dimensional structures of 2 representative SSGLs (SSGL-A and SSGL-E) were predicted by homology modeling using templates that exhibit the characteristic ß-sandwich fold of the L-type lectins. Molecular docking calculations predicted that SSGL-A is able to interact with D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and α-lactose, whereas SSGL-E is probably a non-functional lectin due to 2 mutations in the carbohydrate-binding site. Using molecular dynamics simulations followed by density functional theory calculations, the binding free energies of the interaction of SSGL-A with GalNAc and α-lactose were estimated as -31.7 and -47.5 kcal/mol, respectively. These findings gave insights about the carbohydrate-binding specificity of SLL, which binds to immobilized lactose but is not retained in a matrix containing D-GalNAc as ligand.

Production in Pichia pastoris, antifungal activity and crystal structure of a class I chitinase from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Insights into sugar binding mode and hydrolytic action.

A cowpea class I chitinase (VuChiI) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. The recombinant protein was secreted into the culture medium and purified by affinity chromatography on a chitin matrix. The purified chitinase migrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as two closely-related bands with apparent molecular masses of 34 and 37 kDa. The identity of these bands as VuChiI was demonstrated by mass spectrometry analysis of tryptic peptides and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. The recombinant chitinase was able to hydrolyze colloidal chitin but did not exhibit enzymatic activity toward synthetic substrates. The highest hydrolytic activity of the cowpea chitinase toward colloidal chitin was observed at pH 5.0. Furthermore, most VuChiI activity (approximately 92%) was retained after heating to 50 °C for 30 min, whereas treatment with 5 mM Cu2+ caused a reduction of 67% in the enzyme's chitinolytic activity. The recombinant protein had antifungal activity as revealed by its ability to inhibit the spore germination and mycelial growth of Penicillium herquei. The three-dimensional structure of VuChiI was resolved at a resolution of 1.55 Å by molecular replacement. The refined model had 245 amino acid residues and 381 water molecules, and the final R-factor and Rfree values were 14.78 and 17.22%, respectively. The catalytic domain of VuChiI adopts an α-helix-rich fold, stabilized by 3 disulfide bridges and possessing a wide catalytic cleft. Analysis of the crystallographic model and molecular docking calculations using chito-oligosaccharides provided evidences about the VuChiI residues involved in sugar binding and catalysis, and a possible mechanism of antifungal action is suggested.

Controlled Release of Nor-ß-lapachone by PLGA Microparticles: A Strategy for Improving Cytotoxicity against Prostate Cancer Cells.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in males and it has become a major worldwide public health problem. This study characterizes the encapsulation of Nor-ß-lapachone (NßL) in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microcapsules and evaluates the cytotoxicity of the resulting drug-loaded system against metastatic prostate cancer cells. The microcapsules presented appropriate morphological features and the presence of drug molecules in the microcapsules was confirmed by different methods. Spherical microcapsules with a size range of 1.03 ± 0.46 µm were produced with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 19%. Classical molecular dynamics calculations provided an estimate of the typical adsorption energies of NßL on PLGA. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of NßL against PC3M human prostate cancer cells was demonstrated to be significantly enhanced when delivered by PLGA microcapsules in comparison with the free drug.

Structural analysis of a Dioclea sclerocarpa lectin: Study on the vasorelaxant properties of Dioclea lectins.

Lectins are proteins that show a variety of biological activities. However, they share in common at least one domain capable of recognizing specific carbohydrates reversibly without changing its structure. The legume lectins family is the most studied family of plant lectins, in particular the Diocleinae subtribe, which possesses high degree of structural similarity, but variable biological activities. This variability lies in small differences that can be analyzed in studies based on structures. In particular, Dioclea sclerocarpa seed lectin (DSL) presents low ability to relax endothelialized rat aorta in comparison with other Dioclea lectins such as Dioclea violacea (DVL), Dioclea virgata (DvirL) and Dioclea rostrata (DRL). The DSL relaxation mechanism relies on nitric oxide production and carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). This feature can be explained by structural differences, since DSL has a carbohydrate recognition domain design less favorable. In addition, the presence of a glutamate residue at position 205 proved to be a decisive factor for the low relaxant effect of Dioclea lectins.

CRLI induces vascular smooth muscle relaxation and suggests a dual mechanism of eNOS activation by legume lectins via muscarinic receptors and shear stress.

Lectins are proteins able to recognize carbohydrates, without modifying their structure, via the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD). Here, the three-dimensional structure of the mannose-binding lectin isolated from Cymbosema roseum (CRLI) was determined with X-man molecule modeled into the carbohydrate recognition domain. CRLI relaxant activity in thoracic rat aorta was also investigated, and based on the results, a molecular docking of CRLI with heparan sulfate was performed to investigate the possible interaction with mechanoreceptors involved in vasorelaxation. CRLI (IC50=12.4 µg mL(-)(1)) elicited vasorelaxant response (96%) in endothelialized rat aorta contracted with phenylephrine. Endothelium-derived relaxant factors, extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)e) and muscarinic receptors were also evaluated as putative participants in the CRLI relaxant effect. CRLI relaxant effect was blocked by L-NAME, a nonselective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and partially inhibited in a calcium-free solution (0Ca) and by atropine, but it remained unchanged in the presence of indomethacin and TEA. In summary, our data suggest interaction between CRLI and muscarinic receptors located in vascular endothelial cells leading to NOS activation triggered by a mechanism that involves Ca(2+)e along with the ability of CRLI to interact with heparan sulfate, a highly rated mechanoreceptor involved in eNOS activation.

An ex vivo study of arrested primary teeth caries with silver diamine fluoride therapy.

OBJECTIVES: This ex vivo study compared the physico-chemical structural differences between primary carious teeth biannually treated with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and carious teeth without such treatment. METHOD: Twelve carious primary upper-central incisors were collected from 6-year-old children. Six teeth had arrested caries after 24-month biannual SDF applications and 6 had active caries when there was no topical fluoride treatment. The mineral density, elemental contents, surface morphology, and crystal characteristics were assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS: Micro-CT examination revealed a superficial opaque band approximately 150µm on the arrested cavitated dentinal lesion. This band was limited in the active carious lesion. EDX examination detected a higher intensity of calcium and phosphate of 150µm in the surface zone than in the inner zone, but this zone was restricted in the active cavitated dentinal lesion. SEM examination indicated that the collagens were protected from being exposed in the arrested cavitated dentinal lesion, but were exposed in the active cavitated dentinal lesion. TEM examination suggested that remineralised hydroxyapatites were well aligned in the arrested cavitated dentinal lesion, while those in the active cavitated dentinal lesion indicated a random apatite arrangement. CONCLUSIONS: A highly remineralised zone rich in calcium and phosphate was found on the arrested cavitated dentinal lesion of primary teeth with an SDF application. The collagens were protected from being exposed in the arrested cavitated dentinal lesion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Clinical SDF application positively influences dentine remineralisation.

The inhibitory effects of silver diamine fluorides on cysteine cathepsins.

AIM: The expression of cysteine cathepsins in human carious dentine suggests that this enzyme contributes to the collagen degradation in caries progress. This study investigated whether silver diamine fluoride (SDF) inhibited the activity of cysteine cathepsins. METHODS: Three commercial SDF solutions with concentrations at 38%, 30% and 12% were studied. Two fluoride solutions with the same fluoride ion (F(-)) concentrations as the 38% and 12% SDF solutions, and 2 silver solutions with the same silver ion (Ag(+)) concentrations as the 38% and 12% SDF solutions were prepared. Five samples of each experimental solution were used to study their inhibitory effect on two cathepsins (B and K) using cathepsin assay kits. Positive control contained assay buffer and cathepsins dilution was used to calculate the percentage inhibition (difference between the mean readings of the test solution and control solution divided by that of the control group). RESULTS: The percentage inhibition of 38%, 30% and 12% SDF on cathepsin B were 92.0%, 91.5% and 90.3%, respectively (p<0.001); on cathepsin K were 80.6%, 78.5% and 77.9%, respectively (p<0.001). Ag(+) exhibited the inhibitory effect against both cathepsin B and K with or without the presence of F(-) (p<0.01). The solutions containing Ag(+) have significantly higher inhibitory effect than the solutions containing F(-) only (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: According to this study, SDF solution at all 3 tested concentrations significantly inhibited the activity of cathepsin B and K.

Inhibitory effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine demineralisation and collagen degradation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the inhibitory effects of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on demineralised dentine. METHODS: Human dentine blocks were demineralised and allocated to four groups: SF, F, S and W. The blocks in group SF received a topical application of 38% SDF solution (253,900ppm Ag, 44,800ppm F), group F received a 10% sodium fluoride solution (44,800ppm F), group S received a 42% silver nitrate solution (253,900ppm Ag) and group W received deionised water (control). They were subjected to pH cycling using demineralisation solution (pH 5) and remineralisation solution (pH 7) for 8 days. The surface morphology, crystal characteristics, lesion depth and collagen matrix degradation of the specimens were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-CT testing and spectrophotometry with a hydroxyproline assay. RESULTS: The surface morphology under SEM showed evident demineralisation with exposed collagen in groups S and W, but not in group SF. Clusters of granular spherical grains were observed in the cross-sections of specimens in groups SF and F. XRD revealed precipitates of silver chloride in groups SF and S. The mean lesion depths (±SD) of groups SF, F, S and W were 182 ± 32µm, 204 ± 26µm, 259 ± 42µm and 265 ± 40µm, respectively (SDF, F

Inactivation of ovine cyclooxygenase-1 by bromoaspirin and aspirin: a quantum chemistry description.

The resulting noncovalent bonding of the salicylic acid to ovine COX-1 after bromoaspirin and aspirin acetylation by Ser530 is investigated within the scope of density functional theory considering a 6.5 Å radius binding pocket. We have not only took full advantage of published X-ray structural data for the ovine COX-1 cocrystallized with bromoaspirin, but we also have improved that data through computation, finding good estimates for the hydrogen atom positions at the residues of the binding pocket, and repositioning the Ser530Ac[Br;H] lateral chain and salicylic acid by total energy minimization procedures employing LDA and GGA+D exchange-correlation functionals. Using bromoaspirin as a template, we have simulated the positioning of aspirin in the binding pocket, estimating its interaction energy with each of its neighbor COX-1 residues. We demonstrate that the binding energies of bromoaspirin and aspirin to COX-1 are very close when second-order quantum refinements of the structural data are performed, which points to an explanation on why the IC(50) values for the 126 µM COX-1 activity of both bromoaspirin and aspirin are practically the same. Attracting and repelling residues were identified, being shown that Arg120 is the most effective residue attracting the salicylic acid, followed by Ala527, Leu531, Leu359, and Ser353. On the other hand, Glu524 was found the most effective repulsive residue (strength interaction comparable to Arg120).

Specific IgG antibody responses may be used to monitor leprosy treatment efficacy and as recurrence prognostic markers.

Although curable, leprosy requires better diagnostic and prognostic tools to accompany therapeutic strategies. We evaluated the serum samples of leprosy patients from Venezuela and Brazil for reactivity against the specific recombinant proteins, ML0405 and ML2331, and the LID-1 fusion protein that incorporates both of these antigens. Antigen-specific IgG was highest in lepromatous leprosy patients (LL) and decreased across the disease spectrum, such that only a small subset of true tuberculoid patients (TT) tested positive. The impact of multidrug therapy (MDT) on these antibody responses was also examined. Several years after treatment, the vast majority of Venezuelan patients did not possess circulating anti-LID-1, anti-ML0405, and anti-ML2331 IgG, and the seropositivity of the remaining cases could be attributed to irregular treatment. At discharge, the magnitude and proportion of positive responses of Brazilian patients against the proteins and phenolic glycolipid (PGL)-I were lower for most of the clinical forms. The monthly examination of IgG levels in LL patient sera after MDT initiation indicated that these responses are significantly reduced during treatment. Thus, responses against these antigens positively correlate with bacillary load, clinical forms, and operational classification at diagnosis. Our data indicate that these responses could be employed as an auxiliary tool for the assessment of treatment efficacy and disease relapse.

Purification and partial characterization of a new pro-inflammatory lectin from Bauhinia bauhinioides Mart (Caesalpinoideae) seeds.

A new galactose-specific lectin, named BBL, was purified from seeds of Bauhinia bauhinioides by precipitation with ammonium sulfate, followed by two steps of ion exchange chromatography. BBL haemagglutinated rabbit erythrocytes (native and treated with proteolytic enzymes) showing stability even after exposure to 60 °C for an hour. The lectin haemagglutinating activity was optimum between pH 8.0 and 9.0 and inhibited after incubation with D-galactose and its derivatives, especially α-methyl-D-galactopyranoside. The pure protein possessed a molecular mass of 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE and 28.310 Da by mass spectrometry. The lectin pro-inflammatory activity was also evaluated. The s.c. injection of BBL into rats induced a dose-dependent paw edema, an effect that occurred via carbohydrate site interaction and was significantly reduced by L-NAME, suggesting an important participation of nitric oxide in the late phase of the edema. These findings indicate that BBL can be used as a tool to better understand the mechanisms involved in inflammatory responses.

Helicobacter pylori seropositivity among 963 Japanese Brazilians according to sex, age, generation, and lifestyle factors.

Seropositivity of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody (HP + ) was examined among Japanese Brazilians. The study was announced through 18 Japanese community culture associations in São Paulo, Curitiba, Mogi das Cruzes, and Mirandopolis in 2001. Among 969 participants, 963 individuals aged 33 - 69 years were analyzed. The overall HP + % was 48.1% (95% confidence interval, 44.9 - 51.3%). There was no difference in HP + % between 399 males and 564 females (49.6% and 47.0%, respectively). The HP + % increased with age; 35.3% for those aged 33 - 39 years, 46.2% for those aged 40 - 49 years, 46.5% for those aged 50 - 59 years, and 56.9% for those aged 60 - 69 years, but no differences were observed among the generations (Issei, Nisei, and Sansei) for each 10-year age group. Mogi das Cruzes, a rural area, showed a higher HP + %. Length of education was inversely associated with the positivity; the odds ratio (OR) relative to those with eight years or less of schooling was 0.61 (0.42 - 0.89) for those with 12 years or more. The associations with smoking and alcohol drinking were not significant. Fruit intake was associated with the HP + %; the OR relative to everyday intake was 1.38 (1.05 - 1.83) for less frequent intake, while intake frequencies of green tea, miso soup, and pickled vegetables (tsukemono) were not. Multivariate analysis including sex, 10-year age group, residence, education, and fruit intake showed that all factors except sex were significant. This is the largest study of HP infection among Japanese Brazilians, and the results indicated a similar pattern of age-specific infection rate to that for Japanese in Japan.

[Association between the interleukin 1B (C-31T) polymorphism and Helicobacter pylori infection in health checkup examinees].

PURPOSE: Associations between Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and lifestyle factors have been demonstrated by several studies, but there are very few reports on links with host factors, especially concerning genetic polymorphisms for inhabitants of large city. The present investigation was conducted to determine the HP infection rate with reference to the Interleukin-1 beta gene (IL-1B) polymorphism and assess the interactions with smoking reported for outpatients. METHOD: The subjects were 468 participants in a health-check-up program of law of health for aged conducted by Nagoya Nishi Health Center. The participants were asked to permit use of their residual blood drawn during a health-check-up program and written informed consent was obtained for gene polymorphism tests. Data on smoking habit were obtained by self-administered questionnaire. The IL-1B C-to-T polymorphism at -31 was genotyped by PCR-CTPP (polymerase chain reaction with confronting two-pair primers) and an anti-HP IgG antibody test was used for detecting HP infection. Differences in values were assessed by a chi 2 test. An unconditional logistic model was applied for estimating odds ratios with the computer program STATA Version 6. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee at Aichi Cancer Center in 2000 before it was commenced (Ethical Committee Approval Number 11-12) RESULTS: The HP infection rate was 52.6% (61/116) for the C/C genotype of IL-1B-31, 48.6% (89/183) for the C/T, and 63.2% (103/163) for T/T; the difference were not statistically significant. However, when non-current smokers were excluded, the rate were 47.8% (11/23), 52.9% (18/34), and 72.7% (16/22), respectively, indicating the T/T genotype to have a higher infection rate. The age-sex-smoking adjusted odds ratio (OR) relative to the C/C genotype were 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.57) for the T/C genotype and 1.73 (1.04-2.87) for the T/T genotype. Among current and former smokers the age-sex adjusted OR were 1.68 (0.50-5.71) for the T/C genotype and 5.29 (1.11-25.1) for the T/T genotype, suggesting a effect of this polymorphism prominent in smokers. CONCLUSION: An association between the IL-1B-31 polymorphism and persistent HP infection was observed for inhabitants with a smoking habit, indicating that this polymorphism is one genetic trait conferring an increased likelihood of persistent HP infection.

Smoking habit and interleukin lB C-31T polymorphism.

Recent studies suggest that smoking habit may relate to genetic traits. This study examines the association with a polymorphism (C-31T) of interleukin 1B (IL-1B), which encodes IL-1beta, a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine. Since the T allele makes a TATA box, the allele is thought to be responsible for a higher potency of IL-1B expression, indicating that individuals harboring the T allele are prone to inflammation. The study subjects were two different populations; 241 non-cancer outpatients (118 males and 123 females) at a cancer hospital and 462 examinees (127 males and 335 females) of a health checkup program provided by a local government. Current smokers were 36.4% for the male outpatients, 9.8% for the female outpatients, 38.6% for the male examinees, and 5.6% for the female examinees. The sex-age-adjusted odds ratios of current smokers were calculated for the genotypes with the T allele relative to the CC genotype by an unconditional logistic model. The estimate was 0.45 (95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.97) for the outpatients, and 0.83 (0.42-1.61) for the examinees. Although not significant for the examinees, the observed associations suggest that this polymorphism may influence smoking behavior through an inflammatory response of the respiratory tract to cigarette smoke.

Self-exposure therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia: randomised controlled study of external v. interoceptive self-exposure.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to external phobic cues is an effective therapy for panic/agoraphobia but the value of exposure to interoceptive cues is unclear. AIMS: Randomised controlled comparison in panic/agoraphobia of the effects of (a) external, (b) interceptive or (c) combined external and interoceptive self-exposure to (d) control subjects. METHOD: Eighty out-patients were randomised to a control group or to one of three forms of self-exposure treatment (external, interoceptive, or combined). Each treatment included seven sessions over 10 weeks and daily self-exposure homework. Assessments were at pre- and post-treatment and up to 1 year post-entry. Assessors remained blind during treatment. RESULTS: The three self-exposure groups improved significantly and similarly at post-treatment and up to 1-year followup, and significantly more than did the control subjects. Rates of improvement on main outcome measures averaged 60% at post-treatment and 77% at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The three methods of self-exposure were equally effective in reducing panic and agoraphobic symptoms in the short- and long-term.

Genital angiofibromas in tuberous sclerosis: two cases.

Cutaneous lesions are an important feature of tuberous sclerosis (TS). Facial angiofibromas usually begin to appear at the end of the first decade of life and are considered to occur in about 88% of adults with TS. They are only rarely reported on sites other than the face or front. In this paper, we report two patients with the complete syndrome of TS that had, in addition to classic facial lesions, multiple papules on the genital area. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of angiofibroma. One patient's lesions were misdiagnosed as genital warts and were so being treated before the correct diagnosis was made. Although we don't know the incidence of genital angiofibromas in TS patients, we believe that they might be underreported, because dermatologists generally don't look for them when they see these patients.

Early compliance and other factors predicting outcome of exposure for obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Identifying predictors of treatment outcome can suggest ways to improve treatment delivery and understanding of its mechanism of action. METHOD: Predictors of treatment outcome were sought among 46 out-patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who completed a nine-week randomised controlled trial of two forms of exposure therapy with ritual prevention. RESULTS: In both exposure conditions the best predictor of good outcome at the end of treatment (week 9) and of follow-up (week 32) was early compliance in doing exposure homework within a week of starting treatment. A weaker predictor of good outcome at follow-up was within-session reduction in anxiety from weeks 0 to 4. CONCLUSION: The strongest and most consistent predictor of better outcome to weeks 9 and 32 was compliance with exposure and ritual prevention in the first week of treatment.

Comparisons among the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, compulsion checklist, and other measures of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and Compulsion Checklist (CC) were compared with one another and with five other measures to assess their place in measuring the outcome of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). METHOD: Data came from a randomised trial of 46 patients with OCD who completed eight Weeks of treatment by exposure and response prevention. Using a structured modelling analysis, the YBOCS and the CC were compared with a latent factor derived from five other variables (Target Rituals, Target Obsession, Clinical Global Impression, Avoidance, Disability) of baseline severity and change after treatment, and also directly with those variables. RESULTS: Both the YBOCS and the CC were accurate and sensitive measures of OCD. The YBOCS related slightly more than did the CC to the latent factor and to Disability directly. The YBOCS related slightly more to Disability than it did to other measures. Inter-assessor and self kappa assessor reliability was high. CONCLUSIONS: The 10-Item YBOCS plus the 4-item Disability scale are a simple and efficient way to measure important aspects of OCD in clinical practice.