[External and internal nasal valve. Diagnostic and treatment methods for dysfunction]. / Naruzhnyi i vnutrennii nosovoi klapan. Metody diagnostiki i lecheniia pri disfunktsii.

The purpose of the work is the analysis of diagnostic methods of nasal valve dysfunction according to Pubmed database and national medical journals during the period from 1997 to 2019. A brief analysis of the definition of the zones of the external and internal nasal valve, diagnostic methods, including external nasal dilators, spiral computed tomography, assessment of the degree of displacement of the nasal wing using various aspirators is given. Various methods for treating nasal valve dysfunction, such as external and internal dilators, strengthening the nasal wings, suture techniques, expanding the edge of the pear-shaped hole, implantation of absorbable polymers into the side wall of the nose are critically evaluated. Our own original correction method is described for dysfunction of the external nasal valve caused by the vertically located legs of the inferior lateral cartilage.

[External nasal valve. Method of reconstruction with its dysfunction]. / Sposob rekonstruktsii naruzhnogo nosovogo klapana.

The aim of this work is to improve the reconstruction techniques the external nasal valve, with its dysfunction caused by vertically located lateral legs of the lower lateral cartilage. There is shown a brief analysis of the anatomy of the external and internal nasal valve, methods of reconstruction with its dysfunction and surgical correction of this. The method of reconstruction of the external nasal valve is proposed, where we have used the isolation and removal of the vertically extending lateral legs lower lateral cartilage and expansion of the valve zone by an auto / allogeneic cartilaginous graft. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method are estimated.

[The diagnostics and surgical treatment of the patients presenting with otosclerosis in the Primorye Territory]. / Diagnostika i khirurgicheskoe lechenie patsientov s otosklerozom v Primorskom krae.

The objective of the present study was to characterize the effectiveness of the audiological and radiological diagnostic techniques as well as the results of the surgical treatment of the patients presenting with otosclerosis based at the hospital clinic of the Pacific State Medical University. The analysis included 49 surgical interventions for stapedoplasty carried out on 42 patients during the period from 2015 to 2017. The tympanic form of the disorder was diagnosed in 51.02% of the cases, the mixed form I in 16.28%, and the mixed form II in 32.7%. The excellent results within two months after surgery were obtained in 87.2% of the treated patients, the good and satisfactory results in 8.72% and 4.08% of them respectively.

[The history of organization of the research laboratories based at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine]. / Istoriia sozdaniia nauchnykh laboratorii na kafedre otorinolaringologii lechebnogo fakul'teta Rossiiskogo natsional'nogo meditsinskogo universiteta im. N.I. Pirogova.

This article was designed to describe the history of the establishment and development of the research divisions based at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of the Faculty of General Medicine, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, including laser, vestibulogical, and audiological laboratories. The authors present an overview of the main research activities and achievements of the Department with special reference to the management of Meniere's disease, cochlear-vestibular disorders associated with sensorineural hearing loss, injuries to the organs of hearing, and diseases of the central nervous system. Also discussed are the peculiarities of the laser-assisted medical care and the possibilities for the application of therapeutic and surgical lasers for the purposes of the practical otorhinolaryngological work.

[The state of the larynx in the patients presenting with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical state of the larynx and its microbial population in 49 patients examined at the stage of stable condition of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Examination of the larynx was carried out with the use of a rigid laryngoscope having a visual angle of 70 degrees, videofibrolaryngoscopy, and stroboscopy using a «TelePac¼ videocomplex (Karl Storz, Germany). It was supplemented by the study of the bacteriological and mycological paysage. The acoustic analysis of the voice was performed with the help of the Specta PLUS computer program. It was shown that more than 70% of the examined patients presented with various forms of chronic laryngitis. Potentially pathogenic St. pyogenes and yeast-like fungi C. albicans were isolated from 59% and 29% of the patients respectively.

[Paratonsillar abscess in the patients presenting with the non-anginous form of chronic tonsillitis].

The present study was undertaken for the purpose of the comparative analysis of the degree of severity and inflammation-induced changes in palatine tonsils of the patients presenting with non-anginous forms of chronic tonsillitis both on the side of development of paratonsillitis and on the opposite side showing no visually visible signs of the acute inflammatory process. The secondary objective of the study was to compare pain syndrome during abscess-tonsillectomy and tonsillectomy proper, respectively. We analysed the causes behind the reduction of the total number of tonsillectomies for the treatment of chronic tonsillitis available from the accessible literature for the past 10 years. Moreover the analysis of medical records of the patients with chronic tonsillitis and delayed paratonsillar abscess was performed based on the results of the treatment of the patients admitted to the Otorhinolaryngological Department of the City Clinical Hospital No 1 during the period from 2002 and 2011. The severity of clinical manifestations of the inflammatory process was estimated based on the study of palatine tonsil biopsies removed during surgery using the radioautographic technique. The severity of pain syndrome during abscess-tonsillectomy and tonsillectomy proper was evaluated based on the McGill pain questionnaire. The results of the study confirmed apparent tonsillar inflammation in the patients presenting with chronic tonsillitis including its non-anginous forms.

[The application of supravascular laser irradiation of blood for the treatment of cochleovestibular disorders].

A total of 165 patients presenting with neurosensory impairement of hearing and Meniere's disease were treated by supravascular (extracorporeal) laser irradiation of blood. The study undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment confirmed its beneficial effect in patients with acute hearing disorders. It was equally effective as regards elimination of labyrinthine hydropsis in patients presenting with Meniere's disease. The method proved less efficacious for the management of long-standing hearing impairement and chronic loss of hearing, but it can be used to prevent the development of these conditions.

[Certain peculiarities of the clinical course of chronic tonsillitis].

The present review of the literature data demonstrates that the frequency of tonsillectomies has reduced during the last 10 years. The authors consider the possible causes accounting for this decrease. In addition, results of an epidemiological study are presented based on the analysis of medical records of the patients with chronic tonsillitis complicated by paratonsillar abscess who were admitted to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of No 1 City Clinical Hospital between 2002 and 2010. The severity of the inflammatory process was evaluated from the results of radioautographic investigation of palatal tonsillar biopsies obtained during surgical interventions. These data confirm inflammation of tonsils in patients with chronic tonsillitis including the non-anginous form of this pathology.

[Clinical and anatomical characteristic of nasal injuries].

A fracture of nasal bones is becoming a very common injury due to the increasingly greater number of car accidents and aggravated criminal situation. A total of 500 cases of nasal fracture associated with external deformities were included in the present study. The following kinds of deformities were identified: unilateral retraction, lateral displacement of the entire dorsum of the nose, and depressed comminuted fracture. Rhinoscopy revealed in addition such abnormalities associated with septal fracture as submucous hemorrhage, pathological mobility of the pyramid, deflection of the nasal septum at an acute angle. All in all, four types of nasal septum fractures were distinguished depending on the shape and localization of the fracture line. Two of them resulted in marked impairment of nasal breathing while two others required surgical intervention in the acute period after the injury.

[Current features of a mastoiditis course].

A clinical course of mastoiditis according to recent literature data is characterized, therapeutic policy is discussed. The results of mastoidectomies made in the ENT clinic of the Moscow State Medical University in 2004-2007 are reviewed retrospectively.

[Age-related aspects of pure tone threshold in extended band by air]. / Tonal'naia porogovaia audiometriia v rasshirennom diapazone chastot po vozdukhu v vozrastnom aspekte.

In addition to registration of pure tone threshold audiometry in the standard frequency band and acoustic impedance audiometry, tone hearing thresholds were registered conventionally in extended frequency band (9-20 kHz) by air. A total of 103 otologically healthy volunteers (206 ears) aged 14 to 67 years participated in the trial. The results can serve as the standard in examination patients with pure-tone threshold audiometry by air in extended frequency band.

[Diagnostic implications of examination of the middle ear resonance frequency]. / Diagnosticheskoe znachenie opredeleniia rezonansnoi chastoty srednego ukha.

Resonance frequency of the middle ear was examined in 24 persons with normal hearing, 10 patients with otosclerosis and 4 patients subjected to stapedioplasty. It is shown that shift of the resonance frequency is important for differential diagnosis. In particular, in otosclerosis resonance frequency shifts to higher values, while in mass increases (rupture of acoustic bones chain) there is a shift to lower frequencies.

[Sudden neurosensory hypoacusis: causes of onset and clinical features]. / Vnezapnaia neirosensornaia tugoukhost': prichiny vozniknoveniia i osobennosti techeniia.

The paper reports 86 cases of urgent hospitalization to the ENT clinic for hearing loss. Of them 32 patients had sudden neurosensory hypoacusis (SNH). The evidence obtained at pure-tone threshold audiometry, impedance audiometry and otoacoustic emission are analysed. Self-cure of SNH was observed in insignificant hearing loss. Mechanism of irreversible changes leading to persistent hypoacusis is suggested.

[Age-specific changes of evoked otoacoustic emission of different classes]. / Dinamika vozrastnykh izmenenii razlichnykh klassov vyzvannoi otoakusticheskoi émissii.

In different age groups of healthy subjects we registered two classes of evoked otoacoustic emission (OAE): delayed evoked OAE and OAE at the frequency of fault product. The findings show progressive decline of the amplitude of the otoacoustic response in subjects aged over 30-40 years. It is evident that sensor cells of Corti's organ may alter as early as over 30 years of age.

[Characteristics of the acoustic reflex in patients with sensorineural hearing loss]. / Kharakteristiki akusticheskogo refleksa u bo'lnykh sensonevral'noi tugoukhost'iu.

The authors analyse acoustic reflex threshold in 142 patients with neurosensory hypoacusis, describe acoustic invertion in patients with a severe hearing loss (more than 80 dB), suggest causes of the acoustic reflex inversion.

[Early diagnosis of neurosensory component in various forms of conductive hearing loss]. / Ranniaia diagnostika neirosensornogo komponenta pri razlichnykh formakh konduktivnoi tugoukhosti.

Audiological examination including routine methods, tonal threshold audiometry (10000-20000 Hz frequency range), noise resistance of the acoustic analyzer in contralateral masking with noises of different intensity has been made to identify early subclinical neurosensory hypoacusis in 96 patients with acute and chronic inflammation of the middle ear aged 17-75 years. 140 subjects with normal hearing served control. The findings show the ability of such tests to assess noise resistance of the acoustic analyzer and tonal threshold audiometry in wide range of frequencies to detect latent neurosensory hypoacusis which is correctable if discovered early.

[Experience in the use of current methods in early and differential diagnosis of hearing disorders]. / Opyt primeneniia sovremennykh metodov rannei i differentsial'noi diagnostiki slukhovykh rasstroistv.

The authors review acoustic tests available for practitioners and sufficient for early diagnosis of hypoacusis. Low-frequency tuning--forks (C32, C64) are essential for detection of early conductive hypoacusis, whereas tests for acoustic sensitivity in high-frequency range (10-20 kHz) and in ultrasound band help differentiate neurosensory hypoacusis and otosclerosis. Registration of acoustic evoked potentials, electrocochleography are effective but not easy to perform techniques provided by only large audiological centers. Impedancemetry is more simple and permits more accurate diagnosis of the origin of neurosensory and mixed hypoacusis, it can be used in mass screenings, especially in children. Medical institutions furnished with currently available "battery of tests" can solve the problem of early diagnosis of acoustic defects.