RESUMO
We evaluated the efficacy of a new method of induction of epidural obstetric analgesia devised by us. The upper and lower catheters used for the epidural double-catheter method were connected to a compression-type disposable injector (Coopdech Syrinjector). 0.125 % bupivacaine + 2 microg/ml fentanyl (6 ml/h) were serially injected via the upper catheter. In the latter half of Stage 1 of labor, the same drugs were continuously infused via the lower catheter (4 ml/h). The mean number of additional drug doses administered via the upper catheter was 0.67+/-0.90 (range: 0-3) when the analgesia induction was commenced after the cervix was dilated to 8 cm in nulliparous women or 6 cm in multiparous women. The method of analgesia was found to be more effective than the conventional method (uncombined continuous infusion of a local anesthetic) for alleviating the pain of the latter half of Stage 1, and Stage 2 of labor. The mean number of additional drug doses injected via the lower catheter was 0.37+/-0.57(range: 0-2). The number of additional doses in the 49 women averaged 0.16 per hour and 1.04 per delivery. Thus, good results were obtained.
Assuntos
Analgesia Obstétrica , Anestesia Epidural , Cateterismo/métodos , Infusões Intravenosas/métodos , Adjuvantes Anestésicos/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Analgesia Controlada pelo Paciente , Anestésicos Locais/administração & dosagem , Índice de Apgar , Bupivacaína/administração & dosagem , Cateterismo/instrumentação , Parto Obstétrico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Feminino , Fentanila/administração & dosagem , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Infusões Intravenosas/instrumentação , Primeira Fase do Trabalho de Parto , Segunda Fase do Trabalho de Parto , Paridade , Satisfação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Gravidez , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The time-trend and recent concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Japanese mother's milk were investigated. The time-trend of 16 PBDEs (BDE-28, 37, 47, 66, 71, 75, 77, 85, 99, 100, 119, 153, 154, 138, 183, and 190) in pooled milk samples from mothers living in Osaka between 1973 and 2000 was analyzed. Additionally, PBDE concentrations in individual milk samples collected from 13 mothers living in Kanagawa and Okayama in 1999 were measured. The total concentration of all PBDE congeners (SigmaPBDEs) measured in the pooled samples increased during the period between 1973 (<0.01 ng/g lipid) and 1988 (1.64 ng/g lipid), and remained low afterwards while showing remarkable changes in PBDE congener profiles. The SigmaPBDEs in the 1999 individual milk samples were also low (0.56-3.97 ng/g lipid), except for a single sample (291 ng/g lipid). The source of this exposure could not be identified.
