Diagnostic Performance of Dual-Layer Computed Tomography for Deep Vein Thrombosis in Indirect Computed Tomography Venography.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality and diagnostic performance of virtual monochromatic images (VMI) obtained with dual-layer dual-energy computed tomography (DL-DECT) during indirect CT venography (CTV) for deep vein thrombosis (DVT).Methods and Results:This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Review Board, which waived the requirement for informed consent. We retrospectively enrolled 45 patients who underwent CTV with DL-DECT, and VMI were retrospectively generated. We compared the venous attenuation, noise, contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between VMI with the highest CNR and conventional CT on paired t-test. Furthermore, we compared the pooled area under the curve (AUC) of each technique with Delong's test in 34 patients who underwent color Doppler ultrasonography. The 40-keV VMI had the best CNR. The noise was significantly lower on 40-keV (9.7±2.5 HU) than on 120-kVp VMI (10.5±2.5 HU; P<0.01). The contrast (120 kVp, 38.2±15.3 HU vs. 40 keV, 131.6±43.6 HU) and CNR (120 kVp, 3.8±1.7 vs. 40 keV, 14.4±6.1) were significantly higher in 40-keV VMI than in 120-kVp VMI (P<0.01). Furthermore, the pooled AUC was significantly higher for 40-keV (0.84) than for 120-kVp VMI (0.78; P=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In indirect CTV, 40-keV VMI obtained with DL-DECT offers better image quality and diagnostic performance for DVT than conventional CT.

Hybrid of Compressed Sensing and Parallel Imaging Applied to Three-dimensional Isotropic T2-weighted Turbo Spin-echo MR Imaging of the Lumbar Spine.

PURPOSE: The hybrid compressed sensing (hybrid-CS) technique can shorten the acquisition time compared with the sensitivity encoding (SENSE) technique in lumbar MRI. To evaluate the feasibility of a hybrid-CS technique in comparison with 3D isotropic T2-weighted turbo spin-echo (3D volume isotropic turbo spin-echo acquisition [VISTA]) MRI of the lumbar spine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Institutional Review Board approved this study and informed consent was obtained from participants prior to study entry. Sixteen healthy volunteers underwent lumbar spine 3D VISTA with conventional parallel imaging for SENSE and hybrid-CS at 3T. We recorded the image acquisition times of SENSE and hybrid-CS. We compared the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in spine, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lumbar disc, epidural fat, and erector spinae muscle, and the contrast of spine, CSF, and disc, and performed qualitative image analysis assessment, between the two image sequences. RESULTS: The image acquisition time for hybrid-CS was 39.2% shorter than that of SENSE (218.4/358.8 s). The contrast of CSF and SNR of the spine was significantly higher with hybrid-CS than with SENSE (P < 0.05). The SNR of the disc and muscle was significantly higher with SENSE than with hybrid-CS (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the contrast of spine, disc, and fat, and SNR of CSF and fat between hybrid-CS and SENSE. There were no significant differences in the qualitative evaluation between hybrid-CS and SENSE. CONCLUSION: Compared with SENSE, hybrid-CS for 3D VISTA can shorten image acquisition time without sacrificing image quality.

Machine Learning to Differentiate T2-Weighted Hyperintense Uterine Leiomyomas from Uterine Sarcomas by Utilizing Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Quantitative Imaging Features.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: Uterine leiomyomas with high signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) can be difficult to distinguish from sarcomas. This study assessed the feasibility of using machine learning to differentiate uterine sarcomas from leiomyomas with high signal intensity on T2WI on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 80 patients (50 with benign leiomyoma and 30 with uterine sarcoma) who underwent pelvic 3 T magnetic resonance imaging examination for the evaluation of uterine myometrial smooth muscle masses with high signal intensity on T2WI. We used six machine learning techniques to develop prediction models based on 12 texture parameters on T1WI and T2WI, apparent diffusion coefficient maps, and contrast-enhanced T1WI, as well as tumor size and age. We calculated the areas under the curve (AUCs) using receiver-operating characteristic analysis for each model by 10-fold cross-validation and compared these to those for two board-certified radiologists. RESULTS: The eXtreme Gradient Boosting model gave the highest AUC (0.93), followed by the random forest, support vector machine, multilayer perceptron, k-nearest neighbors, and logistic regression models. Age was the most important factor for differentiation (leiomyoma 44.9 ± 11.1 years; sarcoma 58.9 ± 14.7 years; p < 0.001). The AUC for the eXtreme Gradient Boosting was significantly higher than those for both radiologists (0.93 vs 0.80 and 0.68, p = 0.03 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Machine learning outperformed experienced radiologists in the differentiation of uterine sarcomas from leiomyomas with high signal intensity on T2WI.

Spiral flow-generating tube for saline chaser improves aortic enhancement in Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced hepatic MRI.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of a spiral tube on contrast enhancement in the hepatic arterial phase (HAP) of gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: In this retrospective study, we observed 104 patients who underwent dynamic MRI of the liver between October 2017 and December 2017. Three Gd-EOB-DTPA injection protocols were compared: (A) conventional method (undiluted Gd-EOB-DTPA, injection rate 1 ml/s, n = 36); (B) spiral dilution method (1:1 diluted Gd-EOB-DTPA with saline [off-label], injection rate 2 ml/s via spiral tube, n = 38); (C) spiral-flushed method (undiluted Gd-EOB-DTPA, injection rate 1 ml/s via spiral tube, n = 30). We regarded protocol-A as a control. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the abdominal aorta was calculated using arterial phase images. Image contrast and artefacts were evaluated by two board-certified radiologists, using a four-point scale. Statistical analyses included Dunnett's test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Steel test. RESULTS: The SNR of the aorta was significantly higher with protocol-C (25.4 ± 8.8) than protocol-A (20.8 ± 5.4, p = 0.01). There was no significant difference in SNR between protocols A and B (p = 0.47). The contrast score of protocol-C was significantly higher than that of protocol-A (p = 0.0019). There was no significant difference in contrast score between protocols A and B (p = 0.50). There was no significant difference in artefacts among the three protocols (p = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Use of a spiral tube with a slow injection protocol contributed to improved aortic contrast enhancement in the HAP of GD-EOB-DTPA-enhanced hepatic MRI. KEY POINTS: • Gadoxetic acid shows weaker arterial enhancement at recommended doses, compared with nonspecific gadolinium agents; selection of an appropriate injection protocol is important. • A spiral flow-generating tube improves the transport efficiency of the contrast media, and increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the aorta in hepatic arterial phase. • A spiral flow-generating tube does not contribute to artefact reduction in hepatic arterial phase.

The effect of heart rate on coronary plaque measurements in 320-row coronary CT angiography.

Repeatability of quantitative assessment of atherosclerotic plaques is important for the accurate detection of high-risk plaques in coronary CT angiography (CTA). We assessed the effect of heart rate (HR) on plaque CT number using a coronary artery model and a cardiac phantom capable of simulating cardiac motion. The coronary artery model with luminal stenosis on a cardiac phantom was imaged with a simulated HR of 0, 50, 60, and 70 beats per minute using a 320-row CT scanner. We reconstructed CT images for cardiac diastolic phases (for 75% R-R interval) using filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (AIDR3D), and model-based iterative reconstruction (FIRST). Two observers measured plaque attenuation in the lesion with 75% stenosis. The coefficient of determination (R2) was obtained to evaluate interobserver agreement. At HR 70, FIRST improved the correlation between two observers compared with FBP and AIDR3D (FIRST: R2 = 0.68, p < 0.05; FBP: R2 = 0.29, p = 0.31; AIDR3D: R2 = 0.22, p = 0.18). These R2 at HR 70 were lower compared with at HR 50 (FIRST: R2 = 0.92, p < 0.05; FBP: R2 = 0.83, p < 0.05; AIDR3D: R2 = 0.87, p < 0.05) and HR 0 (FIRST: R2 = 0.97, p < 0.05; FBP: R2 = 0.89, p < 0.05; AIDR3D: R2 = 0.95, p < 0.05). Higher HR affected plaque measurement repeatability in coronary CTA. FIRST may improve plaque measurement repeatability at the higher HR compared with FBP and AIDR3D.

Tradeoff between noise reduction and inartificial visualization in a model-based iterative reconstruction algorithm on coronary computed tomography angiography.

We aimed to evaluate the image quality performance of coronary CT angiography (CTA) under the different settings of forward-projected model-based iterative reconstruction solutions (FIRST).Thirty patients undergoing coronary CTA were included. Each image was reconstructed using filtered back projection (FBP), adaptive iterative dose reduction 3D (AIDR-3D), and 2 model-based iterative reconstructions including FIRST-body and FIRST-cardiac sharp (CS). CT number and noise were measured in the coronary vessels and plaque. Subjective image-quality scores were obtained for noise and structure visibility.In the objective image analysis, FIRST-body produced the significantly highest contrast-to-noise ratio. Regarding subjective image quality, FIRST-CS had the highest score for structure visibility, although the image noise score was inferior to that of FIRST-body.In conclusion, FIRST provides significant improvements in objective and subjective image quality compared with FBP and AIDR-3D. FIRST-body effectively reduces image noise, but the structure visibility with FIRST-CS was superior to FIRST-body.

The Usefulness of Dual-Layer Spectral Computed Tomography for Myelography: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

We describe a case of lumbar stenosis in which retrospective spectral analysis using dual-layer spectral detector computed tomography (CT) had the ability to expand the evaluable region in the spinal canal. Spinal canal stenosis is a common condition whose symptoms (such as lower back and leg pain with walking) deteriorate the quality of life. Generally, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and CT myelography are performed to diagnose canal stenosis. Dual-layer spectral detector CT can yield virtual monochromatic imaging and retrospective on-demand spectral analysis without a prescan setting. Spectral analysis could expand the evaluable region in the spinal canal for increasing the contrast enhancement in the canal.

Relationships between patient characteristics and contrast agent dose for successful computed tomography venography with a body-weight-tailored contrast protocol.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of patient characteristics on the contrast agent dosage that is required to reach effective enhancement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) on computed tomography venographs (CTV).This retrospective study included 50 patients who underwent CTV at 80 kVp. The contrast injection protocol (iodine 600 mg/kg) was tailored to their body weight. We calculated the required contrast agent volume (CAVmean-IVC) to reach the mean enhancement of IVC. We performed univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses between the sex, age, body weight (BW), lean body weight (LBW), body surface area (BSA), height (HT), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and CAVmean-IVC.The univariate linear regression analysis show that HT, BW, LBW, and BSA were significantly correlated with CAVmean-IVC (P < .01 for all). The CAVmean-IVC was significantly higher for males than females (P < .01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that BW, LBW, and BSA had a statistically significant effect on CAVmean-IVC. There was no significant correlation of age, HT, or eGFR with CAVmean-IVC.BW, LBW, and BSA each had an independent significant effect on CAVmean-IVC. The conventional BW-tailored contrast injection protocol might be insufficient for CTV.

Contrast enhancement in abdominal computed tomography: influence of photon energy of different scanners.

OBJECTIVE: Different CT scanners have different X-ray spectra and photon energies indicating that contrast enhancement vary among scanners. However, this issue has not been fully validated; therefore, we performed phantom and clinical studies to assess this difference. METHODS: Two scanners were used: scanner-A and scanner-B. In the phantom study, we compared the contrast enhancement between the scanners at tube voltage peaks of 80, 100 and 120 kVp. Then, we calculated the effective energies of the two CT scanners. In the clinical study, 40 patients underwent abdominal scanning with scanner-A and another 40 patients with scanner-B, with each group using the same scanning protocol. The contrast enhancement of abdominal organs was assessed quantitatively (based on the absolute difference between the attenuation of unenhanced scans and contrast-enhanced scans) and qualitatively. A two-tailed independent Student's t-test and or the Mann-Whitney U test were used to compare the discrepancies. RESULTS: In the phantom study, contrast enhancement for scanner-B was 36.9, 32.6 and 30.8% higher than that for scanner-A at 80, 100 and 120 kVp, respectively. The effective energies were higher for scanner-A than for scanner-B. In the quantitative analysis for the clinical study, scanner-B yielded significantly better contrast enhancement of the hepatic parenchyma, pancreas, kidney, portal vein and inferior vena cava compared with that of scanner-A. The mean visual scores for contrast enhancement were also significantly higher on images obtained by scanner-B than those by scanner-A. CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in contrast enhancement of the abdominal organs between the compared CT scanners from two different vendors even at the same scanning and contrast parameters. Advances in knowledge: Awareness of the impact of different X-ray energies on the resultant attenuation of contrast material is important when interpreting clinical CT images.

Dual-layer DECT for multiphasic hepatic CT with 50 percent iodine load: a matched-pair comparison with a 120 kVp protocol.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the image quality and lesion conspicuity of virtual-monochromatic-imaging (VMI) with dual-layer DECT (DL-DECT) for reduced-iodine-load multiphasic-hepatic CT. METHODS: Forty-five adults with renal dysfunction who had undergone hepatic DL-DECT with 300-mgI/kg were included. VMI (40-70-keV, DL-DECT-VMI) was generated at each enhancement phase. As controls, 45 matched patients undergoing standard 120-kVp protocol (120-kVp, 600-mgI/kg, and iterative reconstruction) were included. We compared the size-specific dose estimate (SSDE), image noise, CT attenuation, and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) between protocols. Two radiologists scored the image quality and lesion conspicuity. RESULTS: SSDE was significantly lower in DL-DECT group (p < 0.01). Image noise of DL-DECT-VMI was almost constant at each keV (differences of ≤15%) and equivalent to or lower than of 120-kVp. As the energy decreased, CT attenuation and CNR gradually increased; the values of 55-60 keV images were almost equivalent to those of standard 120-kVp. The highest scores for overall quality and lesion conspicuity were assigned at 40-keV followed by 45 to 55-keV, all of which were similar to or better than of 120-kVp. CONCLUSIONS: For multiphasic-hepatic CT with 50% iodine-load, DL-DECT-VMI at 40- to 55-keV provides equivalent or better image quality and lesion conspicuity without increasing radiation dose compared with standard 120-kVp protocol. KEY POINTS: • 40-55-keV yields optimal image quality for half-iodine-load multiphasic-hepatic CT with DL-DECT. • DL-DECT protocol decreases radiation exposure compared with 120-kVp scans with iterative reconstruction. • 40-keV images maximise conspicuity of hepatocellular carcinoma especially at hepatic-arterial phase.

Model-based Iterative Reconstruction in Low-radiation-dose Computed Tomography Colonography: Preoperative Assessment in Patients with Colorectal Cancer.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the effect of model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) on image quality and diagnostic performance of low-radiation-dose computed tomography colonography (CTC) in the preoperative assessment of colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 30 patients with colorectal cancer referred for surgical treatment. All patients underwent CTC with a standard dose (SD) protocol in the supine position and a low-dose (LD; radiation dose reduction of approximately 85%) protocol in the prone position. The SD protocol images were post-processed using filtered back projection (FBP), whereas the LD protocol images were post-processed using FBP and MBIR. Objective and subjective image quality parameters were compared among the three different methods. Preoperative evaluations, including site, length, and tumor and node staging were performed, and the findings were compared to the postsurgical findings. RESULTS: The mean image noise of SD-FBP, LD-FBP, and LD-MBIR images was 17.3 ± 3.2, 40.5 ± 10.9, and 11.2 ± 2.0 Hounsfield units, respectively. There were significant differences for all comparison combinations among the three methods (P < .01). For image noise, the mean visual scores were significantly higher for SD-FBP and LD-MBIR than for LD-FBP, and the scores for SD-FBP and LD-MBIR were equivalent (3.9 ± 0.3 [SD-FBP], 2.0 ± 0.5 [LD-FBP], and 3.7 ± 0.3 [LD-MBIR]). Preoperative information was more accurate under SD-FBP and LD-MBIR than under LD-FBP, and the information was comparable between SD-FBP and LD-MBIR. CONCLUSION: MBIR can yield significantly improved image quality on low-radiation-dose CTC and provide preoperative information equivalent to that of standard-radiation-dose protocol.

Dual-region-of-interest bolus-tracking technique for coronary computed tomographic angiography on a 320-row scanner: reduction in the interpatient variability of arterial contrast enhancement.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the effect of a dual-region-of-interest (ROI) bolus-tracking technique on interpatient variability of arterial contrast enhancement with that of the conventional bolus-tracking technique in coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA) on a 320-row scanner. METHODS: This study included 100 patients who underwent coronary CTA using one of two protocols: (1) 50 patients underwent scanning using a conventional single-ROI bolus-tracking technique (P-single) with an ROI placed in the ascending aorta, and (2) 50 patients underwent scanning using a dual-ROI technique (P-dual) with two ROIs placed in the pulmonary trunk and the ascending aorta. CT attenuation in the ascending aorta and coronary arteries, and the interpatient variability were compared between the two scanning protocols. RESULTS: The mean CT attenuation of the ascending aorta and coronary arteries tended to be higher for P-dual than for P-single, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.08-0.30). The interpatient variability of contrast enhancement (SD of the CT attenuation) was significantly smaller for P-dual than for P-single (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The dual-ROI bolus-tracking technique can reduce interpatient variability of arterial contrast enhancement in coronary CTA on a 320-row scanner. Advances in knowledge: The use of a dual-ROI bolus-tracking technique can provide sufficient and consistent arterial enhancement of coronary CTA.

Single-Breath-Hold Whole-heart Unenhanced Coronary MRA Using Multi-shot Gradient Echo EPI at 3T: Comparison with Free-breathing Turbo-field-echo Coronary MRA on Healthy Volunteers.

PURPOSE: We investigated the feasibility of single breath hold unenhanced coronary MRA using multi-shot gradient echo planar imaging (MSG-EPI) on a 3T-scanner. METHODS: Fourteen volunteers underwent single breath hold coronary MRA with a MSG-EPI and free-breathing turbo field echo (TFE) coronary MRA at 3T. The acquisition time, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and the contrast of the sequences were compared with the paired t-test. Readers evaluated the image contrast, noise, sharpness, artifacts, and the overall image quality. RESULTS: The acquisition time was 88.1% shorter for MSG-EPI than TFE (24.7 ± 2.5 vs 206.4 ± 23.1 sec, P < 0.01). The SNR was significantly higher on MSG-EPI than TFE scans (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the contrast on MSG-EPI and TFE scans (1.8 ± 0.3 vs 1.9 ± 0.3, P = 0.24). There was no significant difference in image contrast, image sharpness, and overall image quality between two scan techniques. The score of image noise and artifact were significantly higher on MSG-EPI than TFE scans (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The single breath hold MSG-EPI sequence is a promising technique for shortening the scan time and for preserving the image quality of unenhanced whole heart coronary MRA on a 3T scanner.

Comparison between multi-shot gradient echo EPI and balanced SSFP in unenhanced 3T MRA of thoracic aorta in healthy volunteers.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare scan time and image quality between magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the thoracic aorta using a multi-shot gradient echo planar imaging (MSG-EPI) and MRA using balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Healthy volunteers (n=17) underwent unenhanced thoracic aorta MRA using balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP) and MSG-EPI sequences on a 3T MRI. The acquisition time, total scan time, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the thoracic aorta, and the coefficient of variation (CV) of thoracic aorta were compared with paired t-tests. Two radiologists independently recorded the images' contrast, noise, sharpness, artifacts, and overall quality on a 4-point scale. RESULTS: The acquisition time was 36.2% shorter for MSG-EPI than b-SSFP (115.5±14.4 vs 181.0±14.9s, p<0.01). The total scan time was 40.4% shorter for MSG-EPI than b-SSFP (272±78 vs 456±144s, p<0.01). There was no significant difference in mean SNR between MSG-EPI and b-SSFP scans (17.3±3.6 vs 15.2±4.3, p=0.08). The CV was significantly lower for MSG-EPI than b-SSFP (0.2±0.1 vs. 0.5±0.2, p<0.01). All qualitative scores except for image noise were significantly higher in MSG-EPI than b-SSFP scans (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The MSG-EPI sequence is a promising technique for shortening scan time and yielding more homogenous image quality in MRA of thoracic aorta on 3T scanners compared with the b-SSFP.

Vectors through a cross-sectional image (VCI): A visualization method for four-dimensional motion analysis for cardiac computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has the potential for fully four-dimensional (4D for 3D plus time) motion analysis of the heart. We aimed at developing a method for assessment and presentation of the 4D motion for multi-phase, contrast-enhanced cardiac CT data sets and demonstrating its clinical applicability. METHODS: Four patients with normal cardiac function, old myocardial infarction (OMI), takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) underwent contrast-enhanced cardiac CT for one heartbeat using a 320-row CT scanner with no tube current modulation. CT images for 10 cardiac phases (with a 10%-increment of the R-R interval) were reconstructed with the isotropic effective resolution of (0.5 mm)3 An image-based motion-estimation (iME) algorithm, developed previously, has been used to estimate a time series of 3D cardiac motion, from the end-systole to the other nine phases. The iME uses down-sampled images with a resolution of (1.0 mm)3 deforms the end-systole images non-rigidly to match images at other phases. Once the agreement is maximized, iME outputs a 3D motion vector defined for each voxel for each phase, that smoothly changes over voxels and phases. The proposed visualization method, which is called "vectors through a cross-sectional image (VCI)," presents 3D vectors from the end-diastole to the end-systole as arrows with an end-diastole CT slice. We performed visual assessment of the VCI with calculated the mean vector lengths to evaluate regional left ventricular (LV) contraction. RESULTS: The VCI images showed the magnitude and direction of systolic 3D vectors, including the through-plane motion, and successfully visualized the relations of LV wall segments and abnormal regional wall motion. Decreased regional motion and asymmetric motion due to hypokinetic infarct segment, takotsubo cardiomyopathy, and hyper trophic cardiomyopathy was clearly observed. It was easy to appreciate the relation of the abnormal regional wall motion to the affected LV wall segments. The mean vector lengths of the affected segments with pathologies were clearly smaller than the other unaffected segments (1.2-1.7 mm versus 2.5-4.7 mm). CONCLUSIONS: VCI images could capture the magnitude and direction of through-plane motion and show the relations of LV wall segments and abnormal wall motion.

Fat Suppressed Contrast-Enhanced T1-Weighted Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging at 3T: Comparison of Image Quality Between Spectrally Adiabatic Iversion Recovery and the Multiecho Dixon Technique in Imaging of the Prostate.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the quality of fat suppression and image quality between multiecho Dixon technique (mDixon) and spectrally adiabatic iversion recovery (SPAIR) in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate. METHODS: This prospective study assigned thirty consecutive patients to scanning with SPAIR technique (SPAIR protocol) and another consecutive 30 patients to scanning with mDixon technique (mDixon protocol). We calculated the contrast, signal to noise ratio (SNR), contrast to noise ratio (CNR) and the coefficient of variation between the 2 protocols. Two readers compared homogeneity of fat suppression, image noise, image contrast, and image sharpness between the two protocols. RESULTS: The SNR, CNR, and contrast of mDixon protocol were significantly higher than those of the SPAIR protocol (SNR: 14.7 ± 4.1 vs 11.0 ± 2.6; P < 0.05; CNR: 6.3 ± 1.6 vs 0.5 ± 1.5; P < 0.01; contrast: 4.4 ± 1.4 vs 1.3 ± 0.5; P < 0.01), whereas the coefficient of variation of mDixon protocol was significantly lower than that of SPAIR protocol (34.7 ± 15.5 vs 43.7 ± 23.1, P < 0.01). In qualitative image analysis, the image scores for the homogeneity of fat suppression, image noise, and image sharpness were significantly higher with mDixon protocol than those with SPAIR protocol (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in image contrast between 2 fat suppression protocols (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate, mDixon technique improved the homogeneity of fat suppression without degrade of image quality compared with SPAIR technique.

Usefulness of a Low Tube Voltage: Knowledge-Based Iterative Model Reconstruction Algorithm for Computed Tomography Venography.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of 80-kVp scans with knowledge-based iterative model reconstruction (IMR) for computed tomography venography (CTV). METHODS: This prospective study received institutional review board approval; a previous informed consent was obtained from all participants. We enrolled 30 patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism who were to undergo 80-kVp CTV studies. The images were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid iterative reconstruction (HIR), and IMR. The venous attenuation, image noise, and contrast-to-noise ratio at the iliac, femoral, and popliteal veins were compared on FBP, HIR, and IMR images. We performed qualitative image analysis (image noise, image contrast, image sharpness, streak artifacts, and overall image quality) of the 3 reconstruction methods and measured their reconstruction times. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in venous attenuation among the 3 reconstruction methods (P > 0.05). On IMR images, the image noise was lowest at all 3 venous locations, and the contrast-to-noise ratio was highest. Qualitative evaluation scores were also highest for IMR images. The reconstruction time for FBP, HIR, and IMR imaging was 25.4 ± 1.9 seconds, 43.3 ± 3.3 seconds, and 78.7 ± 6.0 seconds, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: At clinically acceptable reconstruction times, 80-kVp CTV using the IMR technique yielded better qualitative and quantitative image quality than HIR and FBP.

Iterative Reconstruction Designed for Brain CT: A Correlative Study With Filtered Back Projection for the Diagnosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of iterative model reconstruction designed for brain computed tomography (CT) (IMR-Neuro) for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: This retrospective study included 20 patients with acute middle cerebral artery infarction who have undergone brain CT and 20 nonstroke patients (control). We reconstructed axial images with filtered back projection (FBP) and IMR-Neuro (slice thickness, 1 and 5 mm). We compared the CT number of the infarcted area, the image noise, contrast, and the contrast to noise ratio of the infarcted and the noninfarcted areas between the different reconstruction methods. We compared the performance of 10 radiologists in the detection of parenchymal hypoattenuation between 2 techniques using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) techniques with the jackknife method. RESULTS: The image noise was significantly lower with IMR-Neuro [5 mm: 2.5 Hounsfield units (HU) ± 0.5, 1 mm: 3.9 HU ± 0.5] than with FBP (5 mm: 4.9 HU ± 0.5, 1 mm: 10.1 HU ± 1.4) (P < 0.01). The contrast to noise ratio was significantly greater with IMR-Neuro (5 mm: 2.6 ± 2.1, 1 mm: 1.6 ± 1.3) than with FBP (5 mm: 1.2 ± 1.0; 1 mm: 0.6 ± 0.5) (P < 0.01). The value of the average area under the receiver operating curve was significantly higher with IMR-Neuro than FBP (5 mm: 0.79 vs 0.74, P = 0.04; 1 mm: 0.76 vs 0.69, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with FBP, IMR-Neuro improves the image quality and the performance for the detection of parenchymal hypoattenuation with acute ischemic stroke.

Development and validation of a logistic regression model to distinguish transition zone cancers from benign prostatic hyperplasia on multi-parametric prostate MRI.

PURPOSE: To develop a prediction model to distinguish between transition zone (TZ) cancers and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on multi-parametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 60 patients with either BPH or TZ cancer, who had undergone 3 T-MRI. We generated ten parameters for T2-weighted images (T2WI), diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and dynamic MRI. Using a t-test and multivariate logistic regression (LR) analysis to evaluate the parameters' accuracy, we developed LR models. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of LR models by a leave-one-out cross-validation procedure, and the LR model's performance was compared with radiologists' performance with their opinion and with the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (Pi-RADS v2) score. RESULTS: Multivariate LR analysis showed that only standardized T2WI signal and mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maintained their independent values (P < 0.001). The validation analysis showed that the AUC of the final LR model was comparable to that of board-certified radiologists, and superior to that of Pi-RADS scores. CONCLUSION: A standardized T2WI and mean ADC were independent factors for distinguishing between BPH and TZ cancer. The performance of the LR model was comparable to that of experienced radiologists. KEY POINTS: • It is difficult to diagnose transition zone (TZ) cancer. • We performed quantitative image analysis in multi-parametric MRI. • Standardized-T2WI and mean-ADC were independent factors for diagnosing TZ cancer. • We developed logistic-regression analysis to diagnose TZ cancer accurately. • The performance of the logistic-regression analysis was higher than PIRADSv2.

Comparison of the Timing of Hepatic Arterial Phase and Image Quality Using Test-Bolus and Bolus-Tracking Techniques in Gadolinium-Ethoxybenzyl-Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid-Enhanced Hepatic Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the image quality, the degree of artifacts and the percentage of timing of the optimal hepatic arterial phase (HAP) between test-bolus and bolus-tracking methods on gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: In this prospective study, 60 patients who underwent 3-dimensional dynamic Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced hepatic 3-T MRI were enrolled in this study. We randomly assigned the 30 patients to the bolus-tracking method, and another 30 patients to the test-bolus method. Signal-to-noise ratios of the liver and spleen in HAP were compared in the 2 groups. Two radiologists independently assessed the ratio of optimal timing of HAP and the degree of ringing and motion artifacts of the 2 protocols. RESULTS: The signal-to-noise ratios of the liver (24.0 [SD, 6.4] vs 20.4 [SD, 4.0]) and spleen (30.0 [SD, 13.3] vs 23.6 [SD, 9.9]) were significantly higher in the test-bolus protocol than in the bolus-tracking protocol. The ratio of optimal timing was also significantly higher with the test-bolus protocol than with the bolus-tracking protocol (76.7% vs 40.0%). The degree of ringing and motion artifacts of test-bolus protocol was significantly lower than that of the bolus-tracking protocol (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The test-bolus protocol in dynamic 3-T MRI can yield better qualitative image quality and more optimal timing of HAP images, while reducing the degree of artifacts compared with the bolus-tracking protocol.