Elixhauser comorbidity method in predicting death of Spanish inpatients with asplenia and pneumococcal pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Pneumococcal pneumonia (PP) is a serious infection caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus), with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. The aim of this study was to analyze the comorbidity factors that influenced the mortality in patients with asplenia according to PP. METHODS: Discharge reports from the Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) was used to retrospectively analyze patients with asplenia and PP, from 1997 to 2021. Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI) was calculated to predict in-hospital mortality (IHM). RESULTS: 97,922 patients with asplenia were included and 381 cases of PP were identified. The average age for men was 63.87 years and for women 65.99 years. In all years, ECI was larger for splenectomized than for non-splenectomized patients, with men having a higher mean ECI than women. An association was found between risk factors ECI, splenectomy, age group, sex, pneumococcal pneumonia, and increased mortality (OR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.97-0.99; p < 0.001). The IHM increased steadily with the number of comorbidities and index scores in 1997-2021. CONCLUSIONS: Asplenia remain a relevant cause of hospitalization in Spain. Comorbidities reflected a great impact in patients with asplenia and PP, which would mean higher risk of mortality.

Diabetic Nephropathy, Retinopathy, and Functional Hypogonadism in a Patient with MODY10: A Case Report.

(1) Background and objectives: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is a group of diabetes caused by gene defects related to insulin secretion. MODY1, MODY2, and MODY3 are the most common and account for approximately 80% of all cases. Other types are relatively rare. This study describes the clinical, analytical, and genetic characteristics of a patient with MODY10, and diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and functional hypogonadism diagnosis. (2) Materials and methods: A clinical case was analyzed and whole exome generation sequencing (WES) was used to detect mutations related to a monogenic variant. (3) Results: A seventeen-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with apparent type 1 diabetes at the age of eight was started with insulin therapy. He came to the emergency room with glycemic decompensation, facial, and lower limb edema. During his evaluation, he had near-nephrotic range proteinuria of 2902 mg/24 h, a kidney ultrasound showing mild pyelocalyceal dilation, proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and was also diagnosed with functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. These comorbidities improved with adequate glycemic control. WES showed missense variant c.94G>A (p.Gly32Ser) in the INS gene, according to Clinvar corresponding to MODY10. It was a "de novo" variant not reported in his parents. (4) Conclusions: Monogenic diabetes (MD) is rare and MODY10 is among the less frequent types. MODY should be suspected in patients with type 1 phenotype with negative autoimmunity even in the absence of a family history of diabetes. To the best of our knowledge, we present here the first patient with these phenotypic traits of MODY10 reported in Latin America.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Patients with Asplenia: A Spanish Perspective over a 25-Year Period.

Anatomical or functional asplenia constitutes a risk factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) infection, being more frequent in children and the elderly and in people with multiple comorbidities. We aimed to describe the impact of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) on the clinical features and outcomes of patients hospitalized for asplenia in Spain. Discharge reports from the Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set were used to retrospectively analyze hospital discharge data with a diagnosis of asplenia from 1997 to 2021. A total of 132,257 patients with asplenia (splenectomized/non-splenectomized) were identified from the Spanish database. Among the cases, 177 (37.5%) patients with splenectomy and 295 (62.5%) patients without splenectomy developed IPD. The clinical presentations (non-infection vs. infection) did not significantly differ between the two reference groups, except for patients with COPD, rheumatoid disease, AIDS, other neurological disorders, metastatic cancer, and drug abuse. The risk factors for IPD were also more frequently reported in patients without splenectomy (p < 0.001) and with comorbidities (p = 0.005). The study of patients with asplenia provides relevant information about the state of SP infection. This epidemiological tracking can serve to better understand the comorbidities that affect them, the risk factors for the disease, the prediction of antibiotic use, and vaccination in public health, among other factors.

Current biomechanical theories on the etiopathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis.

PURPOSE: There is great controversy about the etiologic origin of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Multiple theories have been suggested, including metabolic aspects, endocrine dysfunction, neurological central abnormalities, genetic predisposition and epigenetic factors involved in the development of scoliosis. However, there has always been speculations based on human biomechanical behavior. METHODS: In this article, we performed a literature review on the biomechanical traits of human posture, and the proposed theories that explain the special characteristics present in idiopathic scoliosis. RESULTS: The current theory on the etiopathogeneis of AIS suggests that dorsally directed shear loads acting on a preexisting axial plane rotation, in a posteriorly inclined sagittal plane of a growing patient, together with disc maturation, collagen quality at this phase of development and immaturity of proprioception, is the perfect scenario to spark rotational instability and create the three-dimensional deformity that defines idiopathic scoliosis. CONCLUSION: The unique spinal alignment of human bipedalism, gravity and muscle forces acting straight above the pelvis to preserve an upright balance, and the instability of the soft tissue in a period of growth development, is an appealing cocktail to try to explain the genesis of this condition in humans.

Hospitalization burden related to herpes zoster infection during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain (2020-2021).

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) belongs to the family Herpesviridae. Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of latent VZV. It is associated with risk factors such as immunosenescence, immunosuppressive pathologies and pharmacological treatments. Patients with these risk factors are more likely to be hospitalized. Increases in HZ hospitalizations have been reported in many countries in recent years. The objective of this study is to estimate hospitalization rates, mortality rates and costs due to HZ during the worst years of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain (2020-2021). This is a descriptive study based on an analysis of information from the Minimum Basic Dataset and coded according to the Spanish version of the 10th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10-CM). Hospitalization, mortality and case-fatality rates, and median length of hospitalization were calculated.. The hospitalization rate was 14.4 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and the mortality rate was 1.3 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Both increased considerably with age. In this time period, 92.3% of the registered cases were people over 50 years of age. Nevertheless, during the COVID-19 pandemic period, hospitalization rate decreased and the mortality rate increased from previous years. HZ hospitalization and mortality rates are relevant issues in the public health of older people. It is highly recommended to evaluate new vaccination strategies against VZV to include the HZ vaccine for health care for elderly people, as well as to reduce the disease burden and associated risk factors. The estimation of HZ disease hospitalization costs were €100,433,904.

Legionellosis-Associated Hospitalization in Spain from 2002 to 2021.

Legionellosis is a respiratory disease of bacterial and environmental origin that usually presents two distinct clinical entities, "Legionnaires' disease" (LD) and "Pontiac fever". LD is an important cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of legionellosis-associated hospitalization (L-AH) in Spain from 2002 to 2021 and the burden of hospitalization due to legionellosis. Discharge reports from the Minimum Basic Data Set (MBDS) were used to retrospectively analyze hospital discharge data with a diagnosis of legionellosis, based on the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes, from 2002 to 2021. 21,300 L-AH occurred throughout the year during 2002-2021. The incidence of hospitalization associated per 100,000 inhabitants by month showed a similar trend for the 2002-2011, 2012-2021, and 2002-2021 periods. In Spain, during 2002-2021, the hospitalization rate (HR) in the autonomous communities ranged from 4.57 (2002-2011) to 0.24 (2012-2021) cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The HR of legionellosis in Spain has substantially increased across the 2002-2021 period, and the estimate is consistent with available European data. It is considered that in-depth epidemiological surveillance studies of legionellosis and improvements in the prevention and control of the disease are required in Spain.

Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalization in children aged <2 years in Spain from 2018 to 2021.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory infections in children. In many countries, changes in RSV hospitalizations have occurred during COVID-19 restriction, with alterations in annual pre-pandemic trends. The objective of this retrospective study was to describe the epidemiology of RSV during the pandemic in Spain (2018-2021) through population-based estimates of hospitalization in children <2 years old. A total of 56,741 hospital discharges were identified with a 2.2% decrease between the beginning and the end of the COVID-19 pandemic resulting in a hospitalization rate of 1,915.89 (95% CI = 1,900.13-1,931.65) hospitalizations per 100,000 children. During the four-year period, a total of 34 deaths were recorded (males 63%, females 37%). The average annual cost to the National Health-Care System of bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization was €49,6 million with an average hospitalization cost per case of €3,054. RSV is a very frequent virus associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in children under 2 years old, so future preventive interventions should target this age group including vaccination programs.

Effectiveness of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training on Quality of Life in Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is a condition that is more common in women than men and has an increasing prevalence with age. It provides a range of psychological and physical burdens that negatively affect the patient's quality of life (QoL). However, the economic burden for the healthcare system is being augmented due to the increasing life expectancy of the population. This article aims to identify the effectiveness of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) on the QoL in women with UI. Materials and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, ProQuest medicine, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. The terms selected according to components of PICOS were women with urinary incontinence, pelvic floor muscle training, watchful or other types of therapies, quality of life, randomized controlled trials, and interventional or observational studies. The articles included were those published between November 2018 and November 2022. Ten articles were found for the systematic review and eight for the meta-analysis. Results: The QoL moderately increased when PFMT was used on women with UI, the results indicating an overall small effect on the QoL across the controlled studies and a moderate effect on the QoL across the one-group pre-post-studies. Conclusions: Specific QoL domains, such as social activities and general health, also demonstrated benefits from PFMT interventions. This study confirmed the effectiveness of PFMT on the QoL in women with UI, mainly for patients with stress urinary incontinence.

Análisis retrospectivo de perfil microbiológico y resistencia antimicrobiana en infección urinaria pediátrica de hospitales públicos de Quito-Ecuador

Objetivo: Determinar el perfil microbiológico y resistencia antimicrobiana en infección urinaria en niños. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, observacional y multicéntrico. Se estudiaron 445 urocultivos procesados y los resultados de antibiogramas en tres hospitales públicos de Quito (Ecuador). En relación con los agentes causales se establecieron frecuencias absolutas y proporciones. En el análisis bivariable entre el antecedente de malformación renal o de la vía urinaria y el riesgo de infección, se aplicó el test Chi2 (p < 0,05) y la RP [IC 95 %; p < 0,05]. Resultados: Se evidenció una resistencia ante aminopenicilinas del 73,5 %; ampicilina más sulbactam 31,8 %; trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol 55,5 %; cefalosporinas de primera y segunda generación hasta 33 %; cefalosporinas de tercera y cuarta generación del 21,3 al 47 %. Ante malformación urinaria y aislamiento de bacterias diferentes a Escherichia coli, se identificó a Klebsiella pneumoniae RP 2,66 [IC 95 %, 1,9-3,6; p < 0,05] y Pseudomonas aeruginosa RP 2,07 [IC 95 %, 1,2-3,5; p < 0,05]. Conclusiones: En nuestro medio, ante el diagnóstico de infección urinaria, no parece adecuado iniciar tratamiento antibiótico con aminopenicilinas, trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol ni cefalosporinas de primera a cuarta generaciones por su elevada resistencia. La presencia de malformación urinaria se asocia a infección por bacterias diferentes de Escherichia coli.

Objective: Determine the microbiological profile and antimicrobial susceptibility in urinary infection in children. Materials and methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, and multicenter study. 445 urine cultures and the results of antibiograms were studied in three public hospitals in Quito (Ecuador). In relation to the causal agents, absolute frequencies and proportions were established. In the bivariate analysis, Chi-squared test (p < 0.05) and PR [CI 95 %; p < 0.05] were applied between history of kidney or urinary tract malformation and risk of infection. Results: There was evidence of resistance to aminopenicillins of 73.5 %; ampicillin plus sulbactam 31.8 %; trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 55.5 %; first and second generation cephalosporins up to 33 %; resistance to third and fourth generation cephalosporins from 21.3 to 47%. In relation to urinary malformation and the isolate of a bacteria different from Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae PR 2,66 [CI 95 %, 1.9-3.6; p < 0.05] and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR 2.07 [CI 95 %, 1.2-3.5; p < 0.05] were identified. Conclusions: In our locality it wouldn't be appropriate to start antibiotic treatment with aminopenicillins, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or first to fourth generation cephalosporins in urinary tract infection due to their resistance. The presence of urinary malformation is associated with infection by bacteria other than Escherichia coli.

Legionella pneumophila Risk from Air-Water Cooling Units Regarding Pipe Material and Type of Water.

Legionellosis is a respiratory disease related to environmental health. There have been manifold studies of pipe materials, risk installations and legionellosis without considering the type of transferred water. The objective of this study was to determine the potential development of the causative agent Legionella pneumophila regarding air-water cooling units, legislative compliance, pipe material and type of water. Forty-four hotel units in Andalusia (Spain) were analysed with respect to compliance with Spanish health legislation for the prevention of legionellosis. The chi-square test was used to explain the relationship between material-water and legislative compliance, and a biplot of the first two factors was generated. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was performed on the type of equipment, legislative compliance, pipe material and type of water, and graphs of cases were constructed by adding confidence ellipses by categories of the variables. Pipe material-type of water (p value = 0.29; p < 0.05) and legislative compliance were not associated (p value = 0.15; p < 0.05). Iron, stainless steel, and recycled and well water contributed the most to the biplot. MCA showed a global pattern in which lead, iron and polyethylene were well represented. Confidence ellipses around categories indicated significant differences among categories. Compliance with Spanish health legislation regarding the prevention and control of legionellosis linked to pipe material and type of water was not observed.

Proton Pump Inhibitor Therapy in Pediatric Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Predictive Factors and Long-Term Step-Down Efficacy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the short- and long-term efficacy of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy for pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in real-world practice with a step-down strategy, and to evaluate factors predictive of PPI responsiveness. METHODS: We collected data regarding the efficacy of PPIs during this cross-sectional analysis of the prospective nationwide RENESE registry. Children with EoE treated with PPI monotherapy were included. Histological remission was defined as a peak eosinophilic count of <15 eosinophils (eos)/high-power field (hpf). Factors associated with PPI responsiveness were identified using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: After induction therapy, histological and clinico-histological remission were observed in 51.4% (n = 346) and 46.5% of children, respectively. Normal endoscopic appearance of the esophagus was associated with a higher possibility [odds ratio (OR), 9.20; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.10-40.16], and fibrostenotic phenotype was associated with a lower possibility (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.18-0.74) of histological remission. Long-term therapy with a step-down strategy effectively maintained histological remission in 68.5% and 85.3% of children at 7 months (n = 108) and 16 months (n = 34), respectively. Complete initial histological remission (≤5 eos/hpf) was associated with a higher possibility of sustained histological remission (OR, 5.08; 95% CI, 1.75-14.68). Adverse events were infrequent and mild. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the efficacy of PPIs for a large cohort of children with EoE with sustained histological remission using a step-down strategy. Children with fibrostenotic phenotypes are less likely to respond to induction therapy. Furthermore, patients with complete initial histological remission are more likely to experience long-term histological remission.

Carga de hospitalización y comorbilidades relacionadas con la enfermedad neumocócica en España (2019-2021) / Burden of hospitalisation and comorbidities related to pneumococcal disease in Spain (2019-2021

Introducción: La enfermedad neumocócica (EN) presenta una sustancial morbimortalidad en España, con gran impacto asistencial y económico en el sistema sanitario español. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir la carga hospitalaria de la EN y comorbilidades asociadas. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal con base en el conjunto mínimo básico de datos y serie 2019-2021. En el análisis de las comorbilidades potencialmente asociadas a EN se empleó el Índice de Comorbilidad de Charlson (CCI). Resultados: La edad media fue 67 años con una tasa total de hospitalización de 10,65 × 10.000 habitantes y tasa de letalidad de 14,90 × 10.000 habitantes, con valores mayores en el sexo masculino. Se identificó un descenso en el caso de las hospitalizaciones y un aumento de la letalidad. El 58,34% de los pacientes ingresó por neumonía. Las enfermedades más prevalentes relacionadas con los ingresos por EN fueron: la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, la insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva, el cáncer y la diabetes. La estancia media fue de 13 días y el coste medio total 8533 euros por episodio. El coste anual fue de 370, 455 y 462 millones de euros en 2019, 2020 y 2021, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Debido a la gran carga que continúa suponiendo para el sistema sanitario de España, la EN y las comorbilidades más frecuentes asociadas a la misma deben abordarse desde un punto de vista preventivo, considerando medidas esenciales como la vacunación y una correcta vigilancia epidemiológica de la enfermedad.(AU)

Introduction: Pneumococcal disease (PCD) has a substantial morbidity and mortality in Spain, with a large health care and economic impact on the Spanish health care system. Objectives: The aim of this study is to describe the hospital burden of pneumococcal disease and associated comorbidities. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study based on the minimum basic data set and series 2019-2021. The Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) was used in the analysis of comorbidities potentially associated with invasive pneumococcal disease. Results: The mean age was 67 years with a total hospitalisation rate of 10.65 × 10,000 population and case fatality rate of 14.90 × 10,000 population, with higher values in males. A decrease in hospitalisations and an increase in case fatality was identified. Pneumonia accounted for 58.34% of patients admitted. The most prevalent diseases associated with invasive pneumococcal disease admissions were: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, cancer and diabetes. The average length of stay was 13 days and the average total cost was 8533 euros per episode. The annual cost was €370m, €455m and €462m in 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. Conclusions: Due to the large burden it continues to place on Spain’s healthcare system, pneumococcal disease and the most frequent comorbidities associated with it must be approached from a preventive standpoint, considering essential measures such as vaccination and proper epidemiological surveillance of the disease.(AU)

Risk Factors Associated with Epilepsy Related to Cerebrovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background and Objective: Stroke is one of the most frequent neurological syndromes in the adult population and the cause of 10% of all diagnosed epilepsies. It is attributed to the origin of up to 50% of them in adults >60 years of age. Although a few risk factors have been described and considered when modeling predictive tools, this aspect is still clinically complex. The objective of this study is to describe and compare predictor scales of post stroke epilepsy (PSE) in adult patients with better performance. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed of studies published between 2010 and 2020 and found in PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, LILACS, BVS, Google Scholar, and CENTRAL databases. Sixteen studies were included with a total of 298,694 patients with a diagnosis of stroke, 5590 presented late seizures (LS). Results: Hemorrhage, cortical involvement, and early seizure were the elements most associated with the risk of presenting late seizures. The SeLECT score demonstrated a low risk of bias with a high predictive ability in patients with ischemic stroke (AUC: 0.77 [95% CI: 0.71-0.82]). In patients with hemorrhagic stroke, the CAVE score demonstrated adequate predictive ability (AUC: 0.81 [95% CI: 0.76-0.86]), but an uncertain risk of bias. Research has established risk factors for post ictal epilepsy; however, the numerous ways of assessing data in studies and the difference in their designs make the task of producing a predictive scale that covers the most important risk factors and is reliable for application in the clinical setting, regardless of stroke etiology, very arduous. Conclusion: Hemorrhage, cortical involvement, and early seizure are associated with an increased risk of post ictal epilepsy. Also, elements such as age, traditional vascular risk factors, and functional assessment failed to reflect statistical significance. Finally, further research is required to refine the available predictive tools.

Urinary Tract Infection in Pediatrics: Study of Uropathogens and Their Resistance in a Madrid Hospital.

INTRODUCTION: Resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem with repercussions on the choice of first-line treatment in urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood. OBJECTIVES: To know the current pattern of antibiotic susceptibility/resistance of the most frequent germs that cause UTI in our healthcare area. Secondary objective is to know the evolution of these patterns over time. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective study of UTI episodes in a first-level hospital in two periods: 1st January 2008-31th December 2010 and 1st January 2017-31th December 2019 through a review of medical records, recording the following variables: Age, sex, fever, hospital admission, uropathy/bladder dysfunction, antibiotic prophylaxis. RESULTS: First period: 174 UTI episodes (156 patients); Second period: 266 UTI episodes (218 patients). The most frequently isolated germ was E. coli, but in patients with uropathy or bladder dysfunction, the percentage of different germs is greater. A significant increase in resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (from 12.2 to 24%) is observed between both periods, it remains stable and in an acceptable range for gentamicin, cotrimoxazole and slightly increases to first-generation cephalosporins. In patients with uropathy/bladder dysfunction, resistance to all these antibiotics is significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: The increased resistance of the most frequent uropathogens in the UTI of the pediatric population of our healthcare area to amoxicillin/clavulanate makes it unsuitable as empirical therapy. First-generation cephalosporins are an adequate alternative in patients without risk factors.

Urinary Tract Infection in Pediatrics: Study of Uropathogens and Their Resistance in a Madrid Hospital

Introduction: Resistance to antibiotics is a growing problem with repercussions on the choice of first-line treatment in urinary tract infection (UTI) in childhood. Objectives: To know the current pattern of antibiotic susceptibility/resistance of the most frequent germs that cause UTI in our healthcare area. Secondary objective is to know the evolution of these patterns over time. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional retrospective study of UTI episodes in a first-level hospital in two periods: 1st January 2008-31th December 2010 and 1st January 2017-31th December 2019 through a review of medical records, recording the following variables: Age, sex, fever, hospital admission, uropathy/bladder dysfunction, antibiotic prophylaxis. Results: First period: 174 UTI episodes (156 patients); Second period: 266 UTI episodes (218 patients). The most frequently isolated germ was E. coli, but in patients with uropathy or bladder dysfunction, the percentage of different germs is greater. A significant increase in resistance to amoxicillin/clavulanate (from 12.2 to 24%) is observed between both periods, it remains stable and in an acceptable range for gentamicin, cotrimoxazole and slightly increases to first-generation cephalosporins. In patients with uropathy/bladder dysfunction, resistance to all these antibiotics is significantly increased. Conclusions: The increased resistance of the most frequent uropathogens in the UTI of the pediatric population of our healthcare area to amoxicillin/clavulanate makes it unsuitable as empirical therapy. First-generation cephalosporins are an adequate alternative in patients without risk factors (AU)

Introducción: La resistencia a antibióticos es unproblema creciente con repercusión en la elección deltratamiento empírico en la infección del tracto urinario(ITU) en la infancia.Objetivos: Conocer cómo ha evolucionado la incidencia de uropatógenos causantes de ITU en poblaciónpediátrica y su patrón de resistencia antibiótica en el área11 de salud de la Comunidad de Madrid. Secundariamente,patrón de resistencia actual.Materiales y Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal retrospectivo de los episodios de ITU de un hospitalde Nivel I en dos periodos: 1 enero 2008 a 31 diciembre2010 y 1 enero 2017 a 31 diciembre 2019. Se recogió:Edad, sexo, fiebre, uropatía/disfunción vesical, profilaxisantibiótica, microorganismo aislado y su antibiograma. Serealizó estudio descriptivo de todas las variables recogidas ycomparación de proporciones independientes, utilizando laprueba chi cuadrado,tomando como variable de agrupación cada periodo. El análisis estadístico fue realizado con elprograma EPIDAT v 4.2.Resultados: Primer periodo: 174 episodios de ITU(156 pacientes); Segundo periodo: 266 episodios de ITU(218 pacientes). El germen más frecuentemente aisladofue E. coli, siendo mayor el aislamiento de gérmenes distintos en pacientes urópatas/disfunción vesical. Se observa un aumento significativo de la resistencia a amoxicilina/clavulánico, se mantiene estable y en rango aceptablepara gentamicina, cotrimoxazol y aumenta levemente a cefalosporinas de primera generación. En los pacientes conuropatía/disfunción vesical las resistencias a todos estos antibióticos se incrementansignificativamente.Conclusiones: El aumento de la resistencia de losuropatógenos más frecuentes en la ITU de la poblaciónpediátrica a amoxicilina/clavulánico del área sanitaria estudiada, lo hace no apto como terapia empírica. Las cefalosporinas de primera generación suponen una adecuadaalternativa en pacientes sin factores de riesgo (AU)

Impacto del uso de las técnicas moleculares (PCR) en la detección y el éxito erradicador frente a Helicobacter pylori / Impact of the use of molecular techniques (PCR) on detection and eradication success against Helicobacter pylori

Introducción: La infección por Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) afecta a más del 50% de la población mundial. El aumento en las resistencias antibióticas es la principal causa del fracaso del tratamiento. El objetivo principal fue analizar el éxito erradicador tras la aplicación de las nuevas recomendaciones de tratamiento ESPGHAN e introducción de la PCR como técnica de diagnóstico directo, describir la evolución del patrón local de resistencias antibióticas y valorar el coste-efectividad de la aplicación de la PCR aislada o en conjunto con el cultivo como estrategia diagnóstica. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo del total de aislamientos microbiológicos de H. pylori entre 2013-2019 en nuestro centro, mediante comparación del porcentaje de resistencias y éxito erradicador entre los periodos 2013-2016 y 2017-2019. Estudio de coste-efectividad de las pruebas de diagnóstico directo, comparando 3 opciones distintas: cultivo y PCR, solo cultivo, y solo PCR. Resultados: Se incluyó a 192 pacientes, 98 fueron detectados por cultivo (2013-2016) y 94 por cultivo o PCR (2017-2019). Se instauró tratamiento antibiótico en 153 pacientes, 90 en el primer periodo (pautas ESPGHAN 2011: porcentaje erradicación 62,2%), 63 en el segundo (pautas ESPGHAN 2017: porcentaje erradicación: 73%). Se observó un aumento en las resistencias a claritromicina, pasando de un 16,3% (n=16) en el primer periodo a un 53,2% (n=48) entre 2017-2019 (98% detectadas por PCR, 60% por cultivo). No hubo diferencias en el resto de resistencias antibióticas. La solicitud aislada de la PCR presentó una ratio de análisis de coste-efectividad (CEAR) de 71,91, en comparación con un 92,16 del cultivo y un 96,35 del cultivo y la PCR de forma conjunta. (AU)

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection affects more than 50% of the world population. Increased antibiotic resistance is the main cause of treatment failure. The main objective was to analyze the eradication success after the application of the new ESPGHAN treatment recommendations and the introduction of PCR as a direct diagnosis technique, describe the evolution of the local pattern of antibiotic resistance, and assess the cost-effectiveness of PCR application, isolated or in conjunction with culture as a diagnostic strategy. Patients and methods: retrospective descriptive study of all microbiological isolates of H. pylori in 2013-2019 in our center, by comparing the percentage of resistance and eradication success between the periods 2013-2016 and 2017-2019. Cost-effectiveness study of direct diagnostic tests, comparing 3 different options: culture and PCR; only culture; PCR only. Results: 192 patients were included, 98 were detected by culture (2013-2016) and 94 by culture and / or PCR (2017-2019). Antibiotic treatment was established in 153 patients, 90 in the first period (2011 ESPGHAN guidelines: eradication percentage 62.2%), 63 in the second (2017 ESPGHAN guidelines: eradication percentage: 73%). An increase in resistance to clarithromycin was observed, going from 16.3% (n=16) in the first period, to 53.2% (n=48) in 2017-2019 (98% detected by PCR, 60% by culture). There were no differences in the rest of antibiotic resistances. The isolated PCR application presented a cost-effectiveness analysis ratio (CEAR) of 71.91, compared to 92.16 for the culture and 96.35 for the culture and PCR combined. (AU)

Impact of the use of molecular techniques (PCR) on detection and eradication success against Helicobacter pylori.

INTRODUCTION: Helicobacter pylori infection affects more than 50% of the world population. Increased antibiotic resistance is the main cause of treatment failure. The main objective was to analyze the eradication success after the application of the new ESPGHAN treatment recommendations and the introduction of PCR as a direct diagnosis technique, describe the evolution of the local pattern of antibiotic resistance, and assess the cost-effectiveness of PCR application, isolated or in conjunction with culture as a diagnostic strategy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study of all microbiological isolates of Helicobacter pylori in 2013-2019 in our center, by comparing the percentage of resistance and eradication success between the periods 2013-2016 and 2017-2019. Cost-effectiveness study of direct diagnostic tests, comparing 3 different options: culture and PCR; only culture; PCR only. RESULTS: 192 patients were included, 98 were detected by culture (2013-2016) and 94 by culture and/or PCR (2017-2019). Antibiotic treatment was established in 153 patients, 90 in the first period (2011 ESPGHAN guidelines: eradication percentage 62.2%), 63 in the second (2017 ESPGHAN guidelines: eradication percentage: 73%). An increase in resistance to clarithromycin was observed, going from 16.3% (n=16) in the first period, to 53.2% (n=48) in 2017-2019 (98% detected by PCR, 60% by culture). There were no differences in the rest of antibiotic resistances. The isolated PCR application presented a cost-effectiveness analysis ratio (CEAR) of 71.91, compared to 92.16 for the culture and 96.35 for the culture and PCR combined. CONCLUSIONS: The application of the ESPGHAN 2017 guidelines achieved greater eradication success, although less than that observed in previous publications, without reaching the target of at least 90%. An increase in resistance to macrolides was observed, without being able to discriminate whether it is a real increase or a greater diagnostic sensitivity of molecular techniques, with the isolated request for PCR being the most cost-effective strategy.

Vigilancia epidemiológica de la legionelosis en España: 2005-2015 / Epidemiological surveillance of legionellosis in Spain: 2005-2015

Introducción: La legionelosis es una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria en España. Uno de sus mecanismos de prevención y control es el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica y, en particular, la investigación epidemiológica. Entre 2005 y 2010 se reportó en Europa un aumento de la carga de la enfermedad no descrita en España. Objetivo: Determinar la evolución de los casos de legionelosis en España en la serie 2005-2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de series temporales relativo al recuento de casos notificados a través del Centro Nacional de Epidemiología de España. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas del paciente, antecedentes personales y clínicos, síntomas y signos, datos de laboratorio y epidemiológicos. Se determinó la tasa de incidencia por 100 000 habitantes (2005-2010) y la tasa ajustada (población europea) por 100 000 habitantes según sexo (2005-2015), así como según grupo de edad y sexo para la serie 2010-2015. Resultados: España mantiene una tendencia estable respecto a la tasa de incidencia por 1100 000 habitantes (3,5 a 2,5), se produce un incremento relevante en la tasa ajustada a partir de los 50 años, con mayor impacto en los hombres. Conclusión: se evidencia la necesidad de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la legionelosis, la mejora en las medidas de prevención y control, y la consideración de nuevos factores de riesgo(AU)

Introduction: Legionellosis is a notifiable disease in Spain. One of its prevention and control mechanisms is epidemiological surveillance, particularly epidemiological research. An increase in legionellosis disease burden was reported in Europe from 2005 to 2010 which was not described in Spain. Objectives: Determine the evolution of legionellosis cases in Spain in the period 2005-2015. Methods: A descriptive time series analysis was performed based on the cases notified to the Spanish National Epidemiology Center. The variables considered were the patients' sociodemographic characteristics, personal and clinical antecedents, signs and symptoms, laboratory results and epidemiological data. Determination was made of the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants (2005-2010) and the adjusted rate per 100 000 inhabitants (European population) by sex (2005-2015) and by age group and sex for the series (2010-2015). Results: Incidence per 100 000 inhabitants has remained stable (3.5 to 2.5) in Spain, which has led to a relevant increase in the adjusted rate as of age 50 years, with a higher impact among men. Conclusion: Evidence was found of the need for epidemiological surveillance of legionellosis, improvement of prevention and control measures, and consideration of new risk factors(AU)

[Pneumonia and legionellosis mortality in Spain: a time series study]. / Mortalidad por neumonía y legionelosis en España: un estudio de series temporales.

BACKGROUND: Pneumonia is a disease with great relevance in public health, as a leading individual cause of infant mortality worldwide. Legionellosis is a respiratory disease with a bacterial origin and two different clinical forms. AIM: To determine pneumonia and legionellosis mortality in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Time series study of pneumonia and legionellosis in Spain in two periods, from 1997 to 2001 and from 2011 to 2015. Mortality was calculated according to disease and sex, number of deaths and rates per 100,000 inhabitants. RESULTS: Pneumonia mortality in the first period shows a relatively stable and similar tendency according to sex, preferably affecting males. In the second period, pneumonia mortality increased significantly in recent years. Although pneumonia mortality in Spain decreased in both sexes in some age groups (especially < 5 years), it remained relatively stable in patients aged > 75 years. Deaths due to legionellosis were relevant in 1997, 1998 and 2000 and increased in the last period. CONCLUSIONS: A higher mortality due to pneumonia along the years was identified. Strategies to reduce the incidence and improve the diagnosis of pneumonia, especially in children and older people elderly, are encouraged.