Effect of oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in children undergoing cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate on the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in children undergoing cardiac surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at a tertiary care hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred sixty children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease, randomized into 2 groups: chlorhexidine (n = 87) and control (n = 73). INTERVENTIONS: Oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate or placebo preoperatively and twice a day postoperatively until PICU discharge or death. RESULTS: Patients in experimental and control groups had similar ages (median, 12.2 vs 10.8 months; P = .72) and risk adjustment for congenital heart surgery 1 score distribution (66% in category 1 or 2 in both groups; P = .17). The incidence of nosocomial pneumonia was 29.8% versus 24.6% (P = .46) and the incidence of VAP was 18.3% versus 15% (P = .57) in the chlorhexidine and the control group, respectively. There was no difference in intubation time (P = .34), need for reintubation (P = .37), time interval between hospitalization and nosocomial pneumonia diagnosis (P = .63), time interval between surgery and nosocomial pneumonia diagnosis (P = .10), and time on antibiotics (P = .77) and vasoactive drugs (P = .16) between groups. Median length of PICU stay (3 vs 4 days; P = .53), median length of hospital stay (12 vs 11 days; P = .67), and 28-day mortality (5.7% vs 6.8%; P = .77) were also similar in the chlorhexidine and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate did not reduce the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia and VAP in children undergoing cardiac surgery. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00829842 .

Risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in pediatric intensive care.

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for short-term percutaneously inserted central venous catheter-related infections in children and to evaluate the accuracy of a mortality score in predicting the risk of infection. METHOD: After reviewing the charts of patients who developed catheter-related infection in a university hospital's pediatric intensive care unit, we conducted a case-controlled study with 51 pairs. Variables related to patients and to catheter insertion and use were analyzed. Risk factors were defined by logistic regression analysis. The accuracy of the Pediatric Risk of Mortality score to discriminate the risk for infection was tested using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. RESULTS: Infection was associated with respiratory failure, patient's length of stay, duration of tracheal intubation, insertion of catheter in the intensive care unit and parenteral nutrition. Insertion site (femoral or internal jugular) was unimportant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following variables. Risk factors included more than one catheter placement (p=0.014) and duration of catheter use (p=0.0013), and protective factors included concomitant antibiotic use (p=0.0005) and an intermittent infusion regimen followed by heparin filling compared to continuous infusion without heparin (p=0.0002). Pediatric Risk of Mortality did not discriminate the risk of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Central parenteral nutrition and central venous catheters should be withdrawn as soon as possible. Femoral vein catheterization carries a risk of infection similar to internal jugular catheterization. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality score should not be used to predict the risk of central catheter-related infections.

Risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in pediatric intensive care

OBJECTIVES: To identify risk factors for short-term percutaneously inserted central venous catheter-related infections in children and to evaluate the accuracy of a mortality score in predicting the risk of infection. METHOD: After reviewing the charts of patients who developed catheter-related infection in a university hospital's pediatric intensive care unit, we conducted a case-controlled study with 51 pairs. Variables related to patients and to catheter insertion and use were analyzed. Risk factors were defined by logistic regression analysis. The accuracy of the Pediatric Risk of Mortality score to discriminate the risk for infection was tested using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve. RESULTS: Infection was associated with respiratory failure, patient's length of stay, duration of tracheal intubation, insertion of catheter in the intensive care unit and parenteral nutrition. Insertion site (femoral or internal jugular) was unimportant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified the following variables. Risk factors included more than one catheter placement (p=0.014) and duration of catheter use (p=0.0013), and protective factors included concomitant antibiotic use (p=0.0005) and an intermittent infusion regimen followed by heparin filling compared to continuous infusion without heparin (p=0.0002). Pediatric Risk of Mortality did not discriminate the risk of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Central parenteral nutrition and central venous catheters should be withdrawn as soon as possible. Femoral vein catheterization carries a risk of infection similar to internal jugular catheterization. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality score should not be used to predict the risk of central catheter-related infections.

OBJETIVOS: Identificar fatores de risco para as infecções relacionadas a cateter venoso central de curta permanência, inserido por punção, em crianças e avaliar a eficiência de um escore de mortalidade pediátrica em prever o risco de infecção. MÉTODOS: Revisão dos casos de infecção relacionada a cateter ocorridos na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica de um hospital universitário seguida de estudo caso-controle com 51 pares. Foram analisadas variáveis relacionadas aos pacientes e à inserção e utilização dos cateteres, sendo definidos fatores de risco por análise de regressão logística. A eficiência de Pediatric Risk of Mortality em discriminar o risco de infecção foi testada pela curva receiver operating characteristic. RESULTADOS: Foram variáveis associadas à infecção: insuficiência respiratória, duração da internação, tempo de intubação, inserção do cateter na unidade de terapia intensiva e nutrição parentérica. O sítio de inserção foi indiferente quando comparadas as veias jugular interna e femoral. Foram fatores de risco: inserção de mais de um cateter (p=0,014) e tempo de permanência do cateter (p=0,0013). Foram fatores de proteção: uso concomitante de antibióticos (p=0,0005) e infusão intermitente seguida de heparinização quando comparada à infusão contínua sem heparinização (p=0,0002). Pediatric Risk of Mortality não discriminou o risco de infecção. CONCLUSÕES: Deve-se suspender a nutrição parentérica e retirar o cateter venoso central assim que possível. A cateterização da veia femoral implica em risco de infecção semelhante ao da veia jugular interna. O escore Pediatric Risk of Mortality não deve ser utilizado para estimar o risco de infecção relacionada ao cateter venoso central.

[Association between ventilation index and time on mechanical ventilation in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis]. / Associação entre índice de ventilação e tempo de ventilação mecânica em lactentes com bronquiolite viral aguda.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between time on mechanical ventilation and anthropometric, clinical and pulmonary function variables, measured early, in infants on invasive mechanical ventilation with acute respiratory failure due to viral bronchiolitis, and the temporal progression of variables with significant correlations. METHODS: Twenty-nine infants admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of UNICAMP university hospital were studied. Acute viral bronchiolitis was defined according to clinical and radiological criteria. Children with chronic diseases and those that were hemodynamically unstable were excluded. All measurements were taken after 24 to 72 hours' mechanical ventilation, using volumetric capnography and blood gas analysis. Mechanical ventilation time was divided into: < or = 7 days and > 7 days. Association between time on mechanical ventilation and the variables analyzed was determined by Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (r(s)). RESULTS: Time on mechanical ventilation showed a significant positive correlation with PaCO(2) (rs = 0.45, p = 0.01) and ventilation index (rs = 0.51, p = 0.005), and a negative correlation with pH (rs = -0.40, p = 0.03). Ventilation indices of 37, measured between day one and day five, was associated with a progressively increased risk of more than 7 days on mechanical ventilation (OR = 4.2 on the first day to 15.71 on the fourth day). CONCLUSIONS: Ventilation index, PaCO(2) and pH, measured early, were associated with prolonged mechanical ventilation, reflecting the severity of ventilatory disturbance and the need for support.

Associação entre índice de ventilação e tempo de ventilação mecânica em lactentes com bronquiolite viral aguda / Association between ventilation index and time on mechanical ventilation in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre tempo de ventilação mecânica e variáveis antropométricas, clínicas e de função pulmonar, precocemente, em lactentes com insuficiência respiratória por bronquiolite viral aguda em ventilação mecânica invasiva, e a evolução temporal das variáveis significativamente correlacionadas. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 29 lactentes admitidos na unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica do Hospital de Clínicas da UNICAMP, com diagnóstico de bronquiolite viral aguda, definido por critérios clínicos e radiológicos. Lactentes com doenças crônicas ou instabilidade hemodinâmica foram excluídos. Todas as medidas foram feitas entre 24 e 72 horas em ventilação mecânica, usando capnografia volumétrica e análise dos gases sangüíneos. O tempo de ventilação mecânica foi dividido em: menor ou igual que 7 dias e maior que 7 dias. A associação entre o tempo de ventilação e as variáveis analisadas foi determinada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman (r s) RESULTADOS: O tempo de ventilação mecânica apresentou correlação positiva significativa com a PaCO2 (r s = 0,45, p = 0,01) e com o índice de ventilação (r s = 0,51, p = 0,005), e negativa com o pH (r s = -0,40, p = 0,03). índice de ventilação com valor de 37, avaliado do primeiro ao quinto dia, foi associado a risco progressivamente aumentado de tempo de ventilação mecânica maior que 7 dias (OR = 4,2 no primeiro dia a 15,71 no quarto dia) CONCLUSÕES: índice ventilatório, PaCO2 e pH, precocemente medidos, foram associados com tempo prolongado em ventilação mecânica, refletindo a gravidade do distúrbio ventilatório e necessidade de suporte.