Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine versus oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric patients: an updated meta-analysis with trial-sequential analysis.

BACKGROUND: Midazolam is routinely used as preanesthetic medication in pediatric patients. Recently, dexmedetomidine has emerged as an alternative as a premedicant. We aimed to add more evidence about the efficacy and safety of two common routes of administration for pediatric premedication: oral midazolam versus intranasal dexmedetomidine. METHODS: We systematically searched Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) involving patients ≤ 18 years old undergoing preanesthetic medication and comparing intranasal dexmedetomidine with oral midazolam. Risk Ratio (RR) and Mean Difference (MD) with 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) were computed using a random effects model. Trial-sequential analyses were performed to assess inconsistency. RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs (1,239 patients) were included. Mean age was 5.5 years old, and most procedures were elective. There was no difference in satisfactory induction or mask acceptance (RR = 1.15, 95% CI 0.97-1.37; p = 0.11). There was a higher incidence of satisfactory separation from parents in the dexmedetomidine group (RR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.13-1.74; p = 0.002). Dexmedetomidine was also associated with a reduction in the incidence of emergence agitation (RR = 0.35; 95% CI 0.14-0.88; p = 0.02). Heart rate and mean arterial pressure were marginally lower in the dexmedetomidine group but without clinical repercussions. CONCLUSION: Compared with oral midazolam, intranasal dexmedetomidine demonstrated better separation from parents and lower incidence of emergence agitation in pediatric premedication, without a difference in satisfactory induction. Intranasal dexmedetomidine may be a safe and effective alternative to oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric patients.

Consenso sobre Ecocardiografia Transesofágica Perioperatória da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia e do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia / Consensus on Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography of the BrazilianSociety of Anesthesiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Image of theBrazilian Society of Cardiology

RESUMO A Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia, pelo Núcleo Vida de Ecocardiografia Transe-sofágica Intraoperatória (ETTI/SBA) juntamente com o Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascularda Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC/SBC), fez uma forc ̧a-tarefa para normatizar afeitura da ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória para os anestesiologistas e ecocar-diografistas brasileiros com base nas evidências científicas da Sociedade dos AnestesiologistasCardiovasculares/Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (SCA/ASE) e da Sociedade Brasileirade Cardiologia.

ABSTRACT Through the Life Cycle of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography(ETTI/SBA) the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology, together with the Department of Cardi-ovascular Image of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC/SBC), createded a task force tostandardize the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography by Brazilian anesthesi-ologists and echocardiographers based on scientific evidence from the Society of CardiovascularAnesthesiologists/American Society of Echocardiography (SCA/ASE) and the Brazilian Society ofCardiology.

Consenso sobre Ecocardiografia Transesofágica Perioperatória da Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia e do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia / Consensus on Perioperative Transesophageal Echocardiography of the BrazilianSociety of Anesthesiology and the Department of Cardiovascular Image of theBrazilian Society of Cardiology

RESUMO: A Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia, pelo Núcleo Vida de Ecocardiografia Transesofágica Intraoperatória (ETTI/SBA) juntamente com o Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (DIC/SBC), fez uma força-tarefa para normatizar a feitura da ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória para os anestesiologistas e ecocardiografistas brasileiros com base nas evidências científicas da Sociedade dos Anestesiologistas Cardiovasculares/Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia (SCA/ASE) e da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.

ABSTRACT: Through the Life Cycle of Intraoperative Transesophageal Echocardiography (ETTI/SBA) the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology, together with the Department of Cardiovascular Image of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (DIC/SBC), createded a task force to standardize the use of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography by Brazilian anesthesiologists and echocardiographers based on scientific evidence from the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists/American Society of Echocardiography (SCA/ASE) and the Brazilian Society of Cardiology.

Monitorização intraoperatória com ecocardiografia transesofágica em cirurgia cardíaca / Intraoperative monitoring with transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgery / Monitorización intraoperatoria con ecocardiografía transesofágica en cirugía cardíaca

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Desde a sua introdução clínica na década de 1980, a ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) intraoperatória tem representado um dos maiores avanços na anestesia cardíaca moderna. Trata-se de uma técnica semi-invasiva, que permite visualização direta e rápida da anatomia estrutural do coração e dos grandes vasos, além de contribuir para a avaliação hemodinâmica e funcional do sistema cardiovascular. Dessa maneira, tem-se tornado importante monitor para auxílio diagnóstico de patologias cardíacas e intervenções anestésico-cirúrgicas. O objetivo do artigo é realizar uma revisão abrangente sobre a utilização da ETE no intraoperatório de cirurgia cardíaca. CONTEÚDO: O artigo revisa alguns aspectos relacionados à física do ultrassom, as técnicas para a obtenção das imagens, os cortes ecocardiográficos mais utilizados no intraoperatório, as indicações e as principais aplicações clínicas do método, além das contraindicações e complicações. CONCLUSÕES: A ETE intraoperatória é um método de monitorização cardiovascular seguro e útil na formulação do plano cirúrgico, na orientação de intervenções hemodinâmicas e na avaliação imediata do resultado operatório. O anestesiologista, uma vez habilitado à utilização do método, amplia seu papel no contexto da medicina perioperatória, fornecendo informações clínicas imprescindíveis à condução do ato anestésico-cirúrgico em cirurgia cardíaca.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Since its clinical introduction in the 80s, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has represented one of the greatest advances in modern cardiac anesthesia. It is a semi-invasive technique that allows direct and fast visualization of structural anatomy of the heart and great vessels as well as contributes to hemodynamic and functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Thus, it has become an important monitor in aiding the diagnosis of cardiac pathologies and anesthesia and surgical interventions. The objective of this report was to perform a comprehensive review on the use of intraoperative TEE in cardiac surgery. CONTENTS: This article reviews some aspects of ultrasound physics, imaging techniques, echocardiographic cuts used more oftenly, indications, and main clinical applications in addition to contraindications and complications. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative TEE is a safe method of cardiovascular monitoring, which is useful in the formulation of a surgical strategy, orientation of hemodynamic interventions, and immediate assessment of surgical outcomes. Once qualified to use the method, the anesthesiologist expands its role in perioperative medicine, providing clinical information necessary to the anesthetic-surgical procedure in cardiac surgery.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Desde su introducción clínica en la década del 80, la ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) intraoperatoria ha venido siendo uno de los mayores avances en la anestesia cardíaca moderna. Es una técnica semiinvasiva, que permite una visualización directa y rápida de la anatomía estructural del corazón y de los grandes vasos, además de aportar a la evaluación hemodinámica y funcional del sistema cardiovascular. Así, se ha convertido en un importante monitor en el auxilio diagnóstico de patologías cardíacas e intervenciones anestésico-quirúrgicas. El objetivo del artículo, es realizar una revisión abarcadora sobre la utilización de la ETE en el intraoperatorio de cirugía cardíaca. CONTENIDO: El artículo aborda algunos aspectos relacionados con la física del ultrasonido, con las técnicas para la obtención de las imágenes, los cortes ecocardiográficos más utilizados en el intraoperatorio, las indicaciones y las principales aplicaciones clínicas del método, además de las contraindicaciones y complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: La ETE intraoperatoria es un método de monitorización cardiovascular seguro y útil en la formulación del plan quirúrgico, en la orientación de intervenciones hemodinámicas y en la evaluación inmediata del resultado operatorio. El anestesiólogo, una vez habilitado para la utilización del método, amplía su rol en el contexto de la medicina perioperatoria, suministrando informaciones clínicas que son imprescindibles para la consecución del acto anestésico quirúrgico en cirugía cardíaca.

Intraoperative monitoring with transesophageal echocardiography in cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Since its clinical introduction in the 80s, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has represented one of the greatest advances in modern cardiac anesthesia. It is a semi-invasive technique that allows direct and fast visualization of structural anatomy of the heart and great vessels as well as contributes to hemodynamic and functional evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Thus, it has become an important monitor in aiding the diagnosis of cardiac pathologies and anesthesia and surgical interventions. The objective of this report was to perform a comprehensive review on the use of intraoperative TEE in cardiac surgery. CONTENTS: This article reviews some aspects of ultrasound physics, imaging techniques, echocardiographic cuts used more oftenly, indications, and main clinical applications in addition to contraindications and complications. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative TEE is a safe method of cardiovascular monitoring, which is useful in the formulation of a surgical strategy, orientation of hemodynamic interventions, and immediate assessment of surgical outcomes. Once qualified to use the method, the anesthesiologist expands its role in perioperative medicine, providing clinical information necessary to the anesthetic-surgical procedure in cardiac surgery.