Sleep and long COVID: Preexisting sleep issues and the risk of PASC in a large general population using 3 different model definitions.

Study Objectives: Insomnia, poor sleep quality and extremes of sleep duration are associated with COVID-19 infection. This study assessed whether these factors are related to Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). Methods: Cross-sectional survey of a general population of 24,803 U.S. adults to determine the association of insomnia, poor sleep quality and sleep duration with PASC. Results: Prevalence rates of PASC among previously COVID-19 infected participants for three definitions of PASC were COPE (21.9%), NICE (38.9%) and RECOVER PASC Score (15.3%). PASC was associated with insomnia in all 3 models in fully adjusted models with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) ranging from 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11-1.52, p≤0.05, PASC Score) to 1.52 (95% CI: 1.34-1.71, p≤0.001, (NICE). Poor sleep quality was related to PASC in all models with aORs ranging from 1.77 (95% CI: 1.60-1.97, p≤0.001, NICE) to 2.00 (95% CI: 1.77-2.26, p≤0.001, COPE). Sleep <6 hours was associated with PASC with aORs between 1.59 (95% CI: 1.40-1.80, p≤0.001, PASC Score) to 1.70 (95% CI: 1.53-1.89, p≤0.001, COPE). Sleep ≥ 9 hours was not associated with PASC in any model. Although vaccination with COVID-19 booster decreased the likelihood of developing PASC, it did not attenuate associations between insomnia, poor sleep quality and short sleep duration with PASC in any of the models. Conclusions: Insomnia, poor sleep quality and short sleep duration are potential risk factors for PASC. Interventions to improve sleep may decrease the development of PASC.

Association of Chronotype and Shiftwork With COVID-19 Infection.

OBJECTIVE: This study assesses whether chronotype is related to COVID-19 infection and whether there is an interaction with shift work. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional survey of 19,821 U.S. adults. Results: COVID-19 infection occurred in 40% of participants, 32.6% morning and 17.2% evening chronotypes. After adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors, shift/remote work, sleep duration, and comorbidities, morning chronotype was associated with a higher (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.15, 95% CI: 1.10-1.21) and evening chronotype with a lower (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.78-0.87) prevalence of COVID-19 infection in comparison to an intermediate chronotype. Working exclusively night shifts was not associated with higher prevalence of COVID-19. Morning chronotype and working some evening shifts was associated with the highest prevalence of previous COVID-19 infection (aOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.28-2.74). Conclusion: Morning chronotype and working a mixture of shifts increase risk of COVID-19 infection.

Association of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with COVID-19 infection. Less clear is whether obstructive sleep apnea is a risk factor for the development of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey of a general population of 24,803 US adults to determine the association of obstructive sleep apnea with PASC. RESULTS: COVID-19 infection occurred in 10,324 (41.6%) participants. Prevalence of persistent (>3 months post infection) putative PASC-related physical and mental health symptoms ranged from 6.5% (peripheral edema) to 19.6% (nervous/anxious). In logistic regression models, obstructive sleep apnea was associated with all putative PASC-related symptoms with the highest adjusted odds ratios being fever (2.053) and nervous/anxious (1.939). In 4 logistic regression models of overall PASC derived from elastic net regression, obstructive sleep apnea was associated with PASC (range of adjusted odds ratios: 1.934-2.071); this association was mitigated in those with treated obstructive sleep apnea. In the best fitting overall model requiring ≥3 symptoms, PASC prevalence was 21.9%. CONCLUSION: In a general population sample, obstructive sleep apnea is associated with the development of PASC-related symptoms and a global definition of PASC. Treated obstructive sleep apnea mitigates the latter risk. The presence of 3 or more PASC symptoms may be useful in identifying cases and for future research.

Insomnia is more likely to persist than remit after a time of stress and uncertainty: a longitudinal cohort study examining trajectories and predictors of insomnia symptoms.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to characterize insomnia symptom trajectories over 12 months during a time of stress and uncertainty, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It also aimed to investigate sleep and psychological predictors of persistent insomnia symptoms. METHODS: This longitudinal cohort study comprised 2069 participants with and without insomnia symptoms during the first year of the pandemic. Participants completed online surveys investigating sleep, insomnia, and mental health at four timepoints over 12 months (April 2020-May 2021). Additional trait-level cognitive/psychological questionnaires were administered at 3 months only. RESULTS: Six distinct classes of insomnia symptoms emerged: (1) severe persistent insomnia symptoms (21.65%), (2) moderate persistent insomnia symptoms (32.62%), (3) persistent good sleep (32.82%), (4) severe insomnia symptoms at baseline but remitting over time (2.27%), (5) moderate insomnia symptoms at baseline but remitting over time (7.78%), and (6) good sleep at baseline but deteriorating into insomnia symptoms over time (2.85%). Persistent insomnia trajectories were predicted by high levels of sleep reactivity, sleep effort, pre-sleep cognitive arousal, and depressive symptoms at baseline. A combination of high sleep reactivity and sleep effort reduced the odds of insomnia remitting. Higher sleep reactivity also predicted the deterioration of good sleep into insomnia symptoms over 12 months. Lastly, intolerance of uncertainty emerged as the only trait-level cognitive/psychological predictor of insomnia trajectory classes. CONCLUSIONS: Insomnia was more likely to persist than remit over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Addressing sleep reactivity and sleep effort appears critical for reducing insomnia persistence rates after times of stress and uncertainty.

Understanding the Relationships Between Sleep Quality and Depression and Anxiety in Neurotrauma: A Scoping Review.

Sleep problems, depression, and anxiety are highly prevalent after a spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) and may worsen functional outcomes and quality of life. This scoping review examined the existing literature to understand the relationships between sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in persons with SCI and TBI, and to identify gaps in the literature. A systematic search of seven databases was conducted. The findings of 30 eligible studies reporting associations between sleep quality and depression and/or anxiety after SCI or TBI were synthesized. The included studies were mostly cross-sectional and employed a range of subjective and objective measures of sleep quality. Poor subjective sleep quality and insomnia tended to be significantly associated with increased levels of depression and/or anxiety, but no such associations were reported when sleep quality was measured objectively. Two longitudinal studies observed worsening depressive symptoms over time were related to insomnia and persistent sleep complaints. Two interventional studies found that treating sleep problems improved symptoms of depression and anxiety. The findings of this review suggest that sleep and psychopathology are related in persons with neurotraumatic injuries. This has important therapeutic implications, because individuals may benefit from therapy targeting both sleep and psychological issues. More longitudinal and interventional studies are warranted to further understand the direction and strength of the relationships and how they impact patient outcomes.

REducing Sleep Apnoea for the PrEvention of Dementia (REShAPED): Protocol for a multi-site feasibility randomised controlled trial.

There is accumulating evidence that has linked OSA with increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia. Here we present the protocol for an Australian, multi-site randomised controlled, parallel open-label trial which will evaluate the feasibility for a full-scale trial investigating the effects of treating OSA on cognitive decline in older adults at risk of dementia within memory clinic settings. We will randomise 180 older adults to either the treatment intervention group or control group for 2 years. Inclusion criteria include: 50-85 years; mild-severe OSA (defined average ODI ≥ 10 with 3% oxygen desaturation determined by wrist oximetry over two nights); and subjective cognitive complaints or mild cognitive impairment. The treatment intervention arm aims to achieve an optimal treatment response based on reducing hypoxic burden with either CPAP, mandibular advancement splint, positional therapy, or oxygen therapy. Furthermore, participants will receive up to 8 sessions which involve motivational interviewing, collaborative goal setting, and behavioural sleep management. The control arm will not receive OSA treatment as part of this trial, however there will be no OSA treatment restrictions, and any treatment will be documented. Primary outcomes are 1) acceptability based upon willingness of participants to be randomised; 2) alleviating hypoxic burden by reducing OSA severity; 3) tolerability of the trial burden based upon collection of outcomes over the 2-year follow-up. Secondary outcomes include safety and cognitive function. Outcomes will be collected at 0, 6 and 24-months. This feasibility study aims to will provide the basis for a larger longer-term trial of dementia prevention.

Multi-modal sleep intervention for community-dwelling people living with dementia and primary caregiver dyads with sleep disturbance: protocol of a single-arm feasibility trial.

Background: Disturbed sleep is common among people living with dementia and their informal caregivers, and is associated with negative health outcomes. Dyadic, multi-modal interventions targeting caregiver and care-recipient sleep have been recommended yet remain limited. This protocol details the development of a single-arm feasibility trial of a multi-modal, therapist-led, six-week intervention targeting sleep disturbance in dyads of people living with dementia and their primary caregiver. Methods: We aim to recruit 24 co-residing, community-dwelling dyads of people living with dementia and their primary informal caregiver (n = 48) with sleep concerns (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index ≥5 for caregivers, and caregiver-endorsed sleep concerns for the person living with dementia). People who live in residential care settings, are employed in night shift work, or are diagnosed with current, severe mental health conditions or narcolepsy, will be excluded. Participants will wear an actigraph and complete sleep diaries for two weeks prior, and during the last two weeks, of active intervention. The intervention is therapist-led and includes a mix of weekly small group video sessions and personalised, dyadic sessions (up to 90 min each) over six weeks. Sessions are supported by a 37-page workbook offering strategies and spaces for reflections/notes. Primary feasibility outcomes are caregiver: session attendance, attrition, and self-reported project satisfaction. Secondary outcomes include dyadic self-reported and objectively-assessed sleep, depression and anxiety symptoms, quality of life, and social support. Self-report outcomes will be assessed at pre- and post-intervention. Discussion: If feasible, this intervention could be tested in a larger randomised controlled trial to investigate its efficacy, and, upon further testing, may potentially represent a non-pharmacological approach to reduce sleep disturbance among people living with dementia and their caregivers. ANZCTR Trial registration: ACTRN12622000144718: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=382960&showOriginal=true&isReview=true.

Improved depressive symptoms, and emotional regulation and reactivity, in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea after short- and long-term CPAP therapy use.

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea (OSA) is associated with high rates of depression; however, if and how treatment of OSA improves depressive symptoms is unclear. To further understand this link we considered the role of emotional regulation - the ability to control and express our emotional responses - thought to be a central component of depression. This study aimed to assess changes in depressive symptoms and emotional responses in individuals with OSA after 4- and 12-months of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment. One-hundred and twenty-one OSA participants (50 female, Mage = 51.93; mean AHI = 36.27) were recruited from a tertiary clinical sleep service prior to CPAP initiation, and randomised to either a CPAP group or a 4 month wait-list group. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, the Emotional Reactivity Scale and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale at baseline, and 1-, 2-, and 4-months follow-up. The CPAP group also completed the questionnaires 12-months after CPAP initiation. CPAP use at 1 month and 12 months was 5.1h/night and 4.9h/night, respectively. Significant improvements in depressive symptoms, emotional regulation and reactivity, and subjective sleepiness were observed after 4 months in both groups, however, the within group changes were only significant for those using CPAP. After 12-months of CPAP treatment, these improvements were maintained. There was no association between CPAP treatment adherence and improvements in any outcome. CPAP treatment for 12 months may reduce symptoms of depression and improve emotional regulation in individuals with OSA.

Associations Between Amyloid Burden, Hypoxemia, Sleep Architecture, and Cognition in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

BACKGROUND: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with an increased risk of amyloid-ß (Aß) burden, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease, and cognitive decline. OBJECTIVE: To determine the differential impacts of hypoxemia and slow-wave sleep disruption on brain amyloid burden, and to explore the effects of hypoxemia, slow-wave sleep disruption, and amyloid burden on cognition in individuals with and without OSA. METHODS: Thirty-four individuals with confirmed OSA (mean±SD age 57.5±4.1 years; 19 males) and 12 healthy controls (58.5±4.2 years; 6 males) underwent a clinical polysomnogram, a NAV4694 positron emission tomography (PET) scan for Aß burden, assessment of APOEɛ status and cognitive assessments. Linear hierarchical regressions were conducted to determine the contributions of demographic and sleep variables on amyloid burden and cognition. RESULTS: Aß burden was associated with nocturnal hypoxemia, and impaired verbal episodic memory, autobiographical memory and set shifting. Hypoxemia was correlated with impaired autobiographical memory, and only set shifting performance remained significantly associated with Aß burden when controlling for sleep variables. CONCLUSIONS: Nocturnal hypoxemia was related to brain Aß burden in this sample of OSA participants. Aß burden and hypoxemia had differential impacts on cognition. This study reveals aspects of sleep disturbance in OSA that are most strongly associated with brain Aß burden and poor cognition, which are markers of early Alzheimer's disease. These findings add weight to the possibility that hypoxemia may be causally related to the development of dementia; however, whether it may be a therapeutic target for dementia prevention in OSA is yet to be determined.

Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Cognitive Dysfunction in Huntington's Disease.

BACKGROUND: In healthy people, sleep and circadian disruption are linked to cognitive deficits. People with Huntington's disease (HD), who have compromised brain function and sleep and circadian disturbances, may be even more susceptible to these cognitive effects. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a comprehensive review and synthesis of the literature in HD on the associations of cognitive dysfunction with disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms. METHODS: We searched MEDLINE via OVID, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE via OVID, and PubMed in May 2023. The first author then screened by title and abstract and conducted a full review of remaining articles. RESULTS: Eight studies investigating the influence of sleep and/or circadian rhythms on cognitive function in HD were found. In manifest HD, poorer sleep was associated with worse cognitive function. For behavioral 24-hour (circadian) rhythms, two studies indicated that later wake times correlated with poorer cognitive function. No reported studies in HD examined altered physiological 24-hour (circadian) rhythms and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION: Some associations exist between poor sleep and cognitive dysfunction in manifest HD, yet whether these associations are present before clinical diagnosis is unknown. Whether circadian disturbances relate to cognitive impairment in HD also remains undetermined. To inform sleep and circadian interventions aimed at improving cognitive symptoms in HD, future research should include a range of disease stages, control for external factors, and utilize robust cognitive batteries targeted to the aspects of cognitive function known to be adversely affected in HD.

A randomized controlled trial of a multi-dimensional intervention to improve CPAP use and self-efficacy.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the utility of a tailored intervention program to improve continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use and self-efficacy in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: 81 participants (mean age 52.1 ± 11.6 years; 35 females) with OSA were randomized to either a multi-dimensional intervention (PSY CPAP, n = 38) or treatment as usual (TAU CPAP, n = 43). The intervention included a psychoeducation session prior to CPAP initiation, a booster psychoeducation session in the first weeks of commencing CPAP, follow-up phone calls on days 1 and 7, and a review appointment on day 14. CPAP use was compared between the PSY CPAP and TAU CPAP groups at 1 week, 1 month, and 4 months. Self-efficacy scores (risk perception, outcome expectancies, and CPAP self-efficacy) were compared between groups following the initial psychoeducation session and again at 1 month and 4 months. RESULTS: CPAP use was higher in the PSY CPAP group compared to the TAU CPAP group for all time points (p = .02). Outcome expectancies improved significantly over time in PSY CPAP participants (p = .007). Change in risk perception was associated with CPAP use at 1 week (p = .02) for PSY CPAP participants. However, risk perception did not mediate the effect between group and CPAP use at 1 week. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions designed to increase self-efficacy and administered prior to CPAP initiation, repeated in the early stages of CPAP therapy, and combined with a comprehensive follow-up regime are likely to improve CPAP use. Sustained improvement in CPAP use is the ultimate goal but remains to be investigated.

Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Performance during a Change Signal Task with Adaptive Dynamics.

Augmented cognition, which refers to real-time modifications to a human-system interface to improve performance and includes dynamic task environments with automated adaptations, can serve to protect against performance impairment under challenging work conditions. However, the effectiveness of augmented cognition as a countermeasure for performance impairment due to sleep loss is unknown. Here, in a controlled laboratory study, an adaptive version of a Change Signal task was administered repeatedly to healthy adults randomized to 62 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD) or a rested control condition. In the computerized task, a left- or right-facing arrow was presented to start each trial. In a subset of trials, a second arrow facing the opposite direction was presented after a delay. Subjects were to respond within 1000 ms of the trial start by pressing the arrow key corresponding to the single arrow (Go trials) or to the second arrow when present (Change trials). The Change Signal Delay (CSD)-i.e., the delay between the appearance of the first and second arrows-was shortened following incorrect responses and lengthened following correct responses so that subsequent Change trials became easier or harder, respectively. The task featured two distinct CSD dynamics, which produced relatively stable low and high error rates when subjects were rested (Low and High Error Likelihood trials, respectively). During TSD, the High Error Likelihood trials produced the same, relatively high error rate, but the Low Error Likelihood trials produced a higher error rate than in the rested condition. Thus, sleep loss altered the effectiveness of the adaptive dynamics in the Change Signal task. A principal component analysis revealed that while subjects varied in their performance of the task along a single dominant dimension when rested, a second inter-individual differences dimension emerged during TSD. These findings suggest a need for further investigation of the interaction between augmented cognition approaches and sleep deprivation in order to determine whether and how augmented cognition can be relied upon as a countermeasure to performance impairment in operational settings with sleep loss.

Association of Chronotype and Shiftwork with COVID-19 Infection.

Objective: This study assesses whether chronotype is related to COVID-19 infection and whether there is an interaction with shift work. Methods: Cross-sectional survey of 19,821 U.S. adults. Results: COVID-19 infection occurred in 40% of participants, 32.6% morning and 17.2% evening chronotypes. After adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors, shift work, sleep duration and comorbidities, morning chronotype was associated with a higher (aOR: 1.15, 95% CI 1.10-1.21) and evening chronotype with a lower (aOR: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.78-0.87) prevalence of COVID-19 infection in comparison to an intermediate chronotype. Working exclusively night shifts was not associated with higher prevalence of COVID-19. Morning chronotype and working some evening shifts was associated with the highest prevalence of previous COVID-19 infection (aOR: 1.87, 95% CI: 1.28-2.74). Conclusion: Morning chronotype and working a mixture of shifts increase risk of COVID-19 infection.

Associations between obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among US adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Medical comorbidities increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection. In some studies, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been identified as a comorbid condition that is associated with an increased prevalence of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization, but few have investigated this association in a general population. This study aimed to answer the following research question: In a general population, is OSA associated with increased odds of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization and are these altered with COVID-19 vaccination? METHODS: This was a cross-sectional survey of a diverse sample of 15,057 US adults. RESULTS: COVID-19 infection and hospitalization rates in the cohort were 38.9% and 2.9%, respectively. OSA or OSA symptoms were reported in 19.4%. In logistic regression models adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, and comorbid medical conditions, OSA was positively associated with COVID-19 infection (adjusted odds ratio: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.39-1.79) and COVID-19 hospitalization (adjusted odds ratio: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17-2.05). In fully adjusted models, boosted vaccination status was protective against both infection and hospitalization. Boosted vaccination status attenuated the association between OSA and COVID-19 related hospitalization but not infection. Participants with untreated or symptomatic OSA were at greater risk for COVID-19 infection; those with untreated but not symptomatic OSA were more likely to be hospitalized. CONCLUSIONS: In a general population sample, OSA is associated with a greater likelihood of having had a COVID-19 infection and a COVID-19 hospitalization with the greatest impact observed among persons experiencing OSA symptoms or who were untreated for their OSA. Boosted vaccination status attenuated the association between OSA and COVID-19-related hospitalization. CITATION: Quan SF, Weaver MD, Czeisler MÉ, et al. Associations between obstructive sleep apnea and COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among U.S. adults. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(7):1303-1311.

Disseminating sleep education to graduate psychology programs online: a knowledge translation study to improve the management of insomnia.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Despite the negative impact of poor sleep on mental health, evidence-based insomnia management guidelines have not been translated into routine mental healthcare. Here, we evaluate a state-wide knowledge translation effort to disseminate sleep and insomnia education to graduate psychology programs online using the RE-AIM (reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, and maintenance) evaluation framework. METHODS: Using a non-randomized waitlist control design, graduate psychology students attended a validated 6-hour online sleep education workshop delivered live as part of their graduate psychology program in Victoria, Australia. Sleep knowledge, attitudes, and practice assessments were conducted pre- and post-program, with long-term feedback collected at 12 months. RESULTS: Seven out of ten graduate psychology programs adopted the workshop (adoption rate = 70%). The workshop reached 313 graduate students, with a research participation rate of 81%. The workshop was effective at improving students' sleep knowledge and self-efficacy to manage sleep disturbances using cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), compared to the waitlist control with medium-to-large effect sizes (all p < .001). Implementation feedback was positive, with 96% of students rating the workshop as very good-to-excellent. Twelve-month maintenance data demonstrated that 83% of students had used the sleep knowledge/skills learned in the workshop in their clinical practice. However, more practical training is required to achieve CBT-I competency. CONCLUSIONS: Online sleep education workshops can be scaled to deliver cost-effective foundational sleep training to graduate psychology students. This workshop will accelerate the translation of insomnia management guidelines into psychology practice to improve sleep and mental health outcomes nationwide.

The impact of alcohol consumption on commercial eye blink drowsiness detection technology.

INTRODUCTION: Driver drowsiness detection technology that assesses eye blinks is increasingly being used as a safety intervention in the transport industry. It is unclear how alcohol consumption to common legal driving limits impacts upon this technology. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.05% and of 0.08% on drowsiness detection technology during simulated driving. METHODS: Participants completed a 60-min driving simulation and sleepiness questionnaire under three conditions: 1-0.00% BAC, 2-0.05% BAC and 3-0.08% BAC. During the driving simulation task participants wore a commercial eye blink drowsiness detection technology (Optalert) with the drowsiness alarms silenced. RESULTS: Twelve participants (3 female) completed all alcohol conditions. Relative to baseline, all eye blink parameters were affected at 0.08% BAC (all p < 0.05), whereas 0.05% BAC only affected the composite eye blink drowsiness measure (the Johns Drowsiness Scale). CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol consumption to 0.08% BAC impaired eye blink measures to a level that would be considered a moderate drowsiness risk. Therefore, employers should be aware that drowsiness alerts from these technologies may increase after alcohol consumption.

Insomnia, Poor Sleep Quality and Sleep Duration, and Risk for COVID-19 Infection and Hospitalization.

BACKGROUND: Medical comorbidities increase the risk of severe acute COVID-19 illness. Although sleep problems are common after COVID-19 infection, it is unclear whether insomnia, poor sleep quality, and extremely long or short sleep increase risk of developing COVID-19 infection or hospitalization. METHODS: The study used a cross-sectional survey of a diverse sample of 19,926 US adults. RESULTS: COVID-19 infection and hospitalization prevalence rates were 40.1% and 2.9%, respectively. Insomnia and poor sleep quality were reported in 19.8% and 40.1%, respectively. In logistic regression models adjusted for comorbid medical conditions and sleep duration but excluding participants who reported COVID-19-associated sleep problems, poor sleep quality, but not insomnia, was associated with COVID-19 infection (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.16; 95% CI, 1.07-1.26) and COVID-19 hospitalization (aOR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.18-1.91). In comparison with habitual sleep duration of 7-8 hours, sleep durations <7 hours (aOR 1.14; 95% CI, 1.06-1.23) and sleep duration of 12 hours (aOR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.12-2.31) were associated with increased odds of COVID-19 infection. Overall, the relationship between COVID-19 infection and hours of sleep followed a quadratic (U-shaped) pattern. No association between sleep duration and COVID-19 hospitalization was observed. CONCLUSION: In a general population sample, poor sleep quality and extremes of sleep duration are associated with greater odds of having had a COVID-19 infection; poor sleep quality was associated with an increased requirement of hospitalization for severe COVID-19 illness. These observations suggest that inclusion of healthy sleep practices in public health messaging may reduce the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Development of a Novel Behavioral Sleep Medicine Education Workshop Designed to Increase Trainee Psychologists' Knowledge and Skills in Insomnia Management.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the clear influence of poor sleep on mental health, sleep education has been neglected in psychology training programs. Here, we develop a novel behavioral sleep medicine (BSM) education workshop, the Sleep Psychology Workshop, designed for integration within graduate psychology programs. We also examined the potential efficacy and acceptability of the workshop to upskill trainee psychologists in sleep and insomnia management. METHODS: The Sleep Psychology Workshop was developed using a modified Delphi Method. Eleven trainee psychologists completing their Master of Psychology degrees (90% female, 24.4 ± 1.6 years old) attended the workshop, delivered as three, two-hour lectures (total of six hours). Sleep knowledge, attitudes, and practice assessments were completed pre-and post-intervention using the GradPsyKAPS Questionnaire. A focus group and 6-month follow-up survey captured feedback and qualitative data. RESULTS: Trainees' sleep knowledge quiz scores (% correct) increased from 60% to 79% pre- to post-workshop (p = .002). Trainees' self-efficacy to use common sleep-related assessment instruments and empirically supported interventions to manage sleep disturbances increased, along with their confidence to manage insomnia (all p < .02). Participant feedback was positive, with 91% of trainees rating the workshop as "excellent" and qualitative data highlighting trainees developing practical skills in BSM. Six months post-intervention, 100% of trainees endorsed routinely asking their clients about sleep, with 82% reporting improvements in their own sleep. CONCLUSIONS: The Sleep Psychology Workshop is a potentially effective and acceptable introductory BSM education program for trainee psychologists, ready for integration within the graduate psychology curriculum.

Strange themes in pandemic dreams: Insomnia was associated with more negative, anxious and death-related dreams during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Dreaming and insomnia are important markers of distress in times of crisis. Here, we present a longitudinal, mixed-methods study examining changes in dreaming between individuals with and without insomnia symptoms and their relationship to mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. A global survey examining insomnia symptoms, dreams and mental health was launched in April 2020 and followed participants over 12 months. Of 2240 participants, 1009 (45%) reported dream changes at baseline. A higher proportion of participants with new-onset insomnia reported dream changes (55%) than those with pre-existing insomnia (45%) or good sleepers (36%). Overall, thematic analysis identified key dream change themes of increased dream activity, with participants dreaming vividly, in high-definition, and with a strong negative charge. Themes around survival, adjusting to pandemic life, meaning-making and poor sleep quality were also noted. Linguistic Inquiry Word Count showed that individuals with insomnia used more negative words to describe their dream changes than good sleepers. Specifically, the new-onset insomnia group used more anxious and death-related words than those who slept well. Notably, all groups experienced a significant reduction in dream activity by 3-month follow-up. Lastly, dream changes were associated with worse mental health symptoms over time, and this effect was more pronounced in individuals with insomnia. Our results highlight that insomnia symptoms, especially new-onset insomnia, are associated with more negative dream changes during collective stressful events, potentially compounding daytime distress and mental health symptoms over time. During times of crisis, dreaming and insomnia may reveal an important target for mental health interventions.