RESUMO
A Quick Test of Cognitive Speed color, form, and color-form naming were administered to 300 normal participants (ages 15-95 years) to explore the effects of age on perceptual (single-dimension naming) and cognitive speed (dual-dimension naming). Naming time means (sec.) were consistent with previous findings. Correlations between age and naming time were low, but significant. Linear regression with age as a factor indicated time increases of 1 sec. per decade for colors and color-form combination naming and of 6 sec. per decade for form naming. Participants were divided into age cohorts, each covering a decade, and naming times were transformed to normalized z scores. The normalized means were similar for color, form, and color-form naming and increased by about 1 SD between ages 15-25 and 75-85 years. The ranges were similar across cohorts, about 2 SD. The findings concur with age patterns for visual-pattern comparison speed, fluid intelligence, and working memory reported by Salthouse in 2004.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/psicologia , Cognição , Percepção de Cores , Percepção de Forma , Testes Neuropsicológicos/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Distribuição por Idade , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos de Coortes , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tempo de Reação , Reconhecimento Psicológico , Valores de Referência , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas , Comportamento VerbalRESUMO
Rapid automatic naming tasks are clinical tools for probing brain functions that underlie normal cognition. To compare performance for various stimuli in normal subjects and assess the effect of aging, we administered six single-dimension stimuli (color, form, number, letter, animal, and object) and five dual-dimension stimuli (color-form, color-number, color-letter, color-animal, and color-object) to 144 normal volunteers who ranged in age from 15 to 85 years. Rapid automatic naming times for letters and numbers were significantly less than for forms, animals, and objects. Rapid automatic naming times for color-number and color-letter stimuli were significantly less than for color-form, color-animal, or color-object stimuli. Age correlated significantly with rapid automatic naming time for each single-dimension stimulus and for color-form, color-number, color-animal, and color-object stimuli. Linear regression showed that rapid automatic naming times increased with age for aggregated color stimuli, aggregated single-dimension stimuli, and aggregated dual-dimension stimuli. This age effect persisted in subgroups less than 60 years of age and greater than 60 years of age. We conclude that normal performance time is dependent on the task, with letter and number stimuli eliciting most rapid responses, and that most rapid automatic naming times increase with age.
Assuntos
Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Automatismo , Cognição , Tempo de Reação , Comportamento Verbal , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The final HIPAA privacy modifications have substantially lightened the administrative, compliance, and liability loads borne by health plan and provider covered entities. Unlike under the original Clinton rules, for example, covered entities are no longer required to obtain patient consents, to monitor and mitigate the information practices of their business associates, or to treat patients as third-party beneficiaries of their business associate contracts. But the final modifications have done almost nothing to lessen the huge burdens and expense that will soon be imposed on those managed care entities that are merely business associates, a category that Congress never authorized HHS to regulate.
