Assessment of patient safety culture: what tools for medical students?

BACKGROUND: The assessment of patient safety culture refers mainly to surveys exploring the perceptions of health professionals in hospitals. These surveys have less relevance when considering the assessment of the patient safety culture of medical students, especially at university or medical school. They are indeed not fully integrated in care units and constitute a heterogeneous population. This work aimed to find appropriate assessment tools of the patient safety culture of medical students. METHODS: Systematic review of the literature. Surveys related to a care unit were excluded. A typology of the patient safety culture of medical students was built from the included surveys. RESULTS: Eighteen surveys were included. In our typology of patient safety culture of medical students (15 dimensions), the number of dimensions explored by survey (n) ranged from 1 to 12, with 6 "specialized" tools (n ≤ 4) and 12 "global" tools (N ≥ 5). These surveys have explored: knowledge about patient safety, acknowledgment of the inevitability of human error, the lack of skills as the main source of errors, the errors reporting systems, disclosure of medical errors to others health professionals or patients, teamwork and patient involvement to improve safety in care. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend using Wetzel's survey for making an overall assessment of the patient safety culture of medical students at university. In a specific purpose-e.g. to assess an educational program on medical error disclosure-the authors recommend to determine which dimensions of patient safety will be taught, to select the best assessment tool. Learning on patient safety should however be considered beyond the university. International translations of tools are required to create databases allowing comparative studies.

[Javelle water and drinking water]. / Eau de javel et eau d'alimentation.

Because of its exceptional disinfecting properties, hypochlorite bleach is, along with vaccines and antibiotics, an outstanding tool in the prevention of water-borne infectious diseases such as cholera, and especially in tropical environments. In addition, hypochlorite bleach is available around the world, and at low cost. Moreover, hypochlorite bleach is safe for human when used as directed. It is also sale for the environment in household use. In the Public Health domain, hypochlorite bleach with its 200-year history remains both a modern product and a product of the future.