Diffuse Nickel Hypersensitivity Reaction Post-cholecystectomy in a Young Female.

Nickel, a silvery-hard metallic element used in corrosion-resistant alloys, is widely used in the medical field. Nickel has aided in medical advancements; however, it has been known to cause hypersensitivity reactions. Retained foreign bodies due to surgical procedures may cause postoperative complications such as allergic reactions. This case involves a 30-year-old female presenting with non-specific symptoms involving multiple organ systems, notably with abdominal pain. Due to chronic symptoms, the patient was tested for metal allergies and diagnosed with hypersensitivity reactions to nickel surgical clips that were previously inserted during cholecystectomy. Subsequently, the patient had surgical removal of the foreign bodies, which led to significant improvement of her symptoms immediately. This case demonstrates a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to a foreign body involving multiple body systems and vague symptoms making the diagnosis challenging. It is important to carefully evaluate the patient's past medical history including history of any allergies. It also brings attention to the necessity of performing metal skin patch tests preoperatively for individuals with a history of any type of allergies.

Review of Endometriosis Diagnosis through Advances in Biomedical Engineering.

Endometriosis is characterized as the ectopic presence of endometrium in various locations within the abdominal cavity, such as the fallopian tube, the pouch of Douglas, the ovaries, outside the ovaries, and more. The inner lining of the uterus, endometrium, is a dynamic tissue that undergoes morphological and functional changes cyclically. The proliferation of endometrial cells during menstruation is influenced by increasing circulating estrogen levels. Adult progenitor stem cells are likely responsible for this remarkable regenerative capacity and hence, enhanced capacity to generate endometriosis. This chronic estrogen-dependent disease is characterized by the ectopic endometrial implant. The disorder occurs in 6%-10% of reproductive-aged women and in 35%-50% of women with pelvic pain and infertility. Currently, the preferred diagnostic methods are laparoscopic inspection by transvaginal ultrasound, MRI, and sensors. Diagnoses with transvaginal ultrasound have 92.7% sensitivity and 97% specificity in detecting endometriotic lesions. On average, MRI diagnoses of DIE have 74% sensitivity and 95% specificity. Lastly, chemical sensors have 91.7% sensitivity and 90.0% specificity in detecting endometriosis. The standard of care includes personalizing the treatment plan based on the individual's set of symptoms and their severity. Advances in biomedical engineering have aided professionals in personalizing the course of treatments as well as to increasing the quality of life of these patients through various therapies for managing pain. Because no one theory provides a full explanation for the manifestation of the disease, hormonal therapies, targeted therapeutics, and surgical options have emerged as elements of disease management. Clinicians are in the process of developing advanced pharmaceutical drugs with specific orphan target receptors of the ectopic tissue. Possible complications that accompany the condition include dyspareunia, hyperalgesia, infertility, and many others.