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ImportanceEarly treatment of mild SARS-CoV-2 infection might lower the risk of clinical deterioration in COVID-19. ObjectiveTo determine whether oral camostat mesylate would reduce upper respiratory SARS-CoV-2 viral load in newly diagnosed outpatients with mild COVID-19, and would lead to improvement in COVID-19 symptoms. DesignFrom June, 2020 to April, 2021, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. SettingSingle site, academic medical center, outpatient setting in Connecticut, USA. ParticipantsOf 568 COVID-19 positive potential adult participants diagnosed within 3 days of study entry and assessed for eligibility, 70 were randomized and 498 were excluded (198 did not meet eligibility criteria, 37 were not interested, 265 were excluded for unknown or other reasons). The primary inclusion criteria were a positive SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification result in adults within 3 days of screening regardless of COVID-19 symptoms. InterventionTreatment was 7 days of oral camostat mesylate, 200 mg po four times a day, or placebo. Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was reduction of 4-day log10 nasopharyngeal swab viral load by 0.5 log10 compared to placebo. The main prespecified secondary outcome was reduction in symptom scores as measured by a quantitative Likert scale instrument, Flu-PRO-Plus modified to measure changes in smell/taste measured using FLU-PRO-Plus. ResultsParticipants receiving camostat had statistically significant lower quantitative symptom scores (FLU-Pro-Plus) at day 6, accelerated overall symptom resolution and notably improved taste/smell, and fatigue beginning at onset of intervention in the camostat mesylate group compared to placebo. Intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated that camostat mesylate was not associated with a reduction in 4-day log10 NP viral load compared to placebo. Conclusions and relevanceThe camostat group had more rapid resolution of COVID-19 symptoms and amelioration of the loss of taste and smell. Camostat compared to placebo was not associated with reduction in nasopharyngeal SARS-COV-2 viral load. Additional clinical trials are warranted to validate the role of camostat mesylate on SARS-CoV-2 infection in the treatment of mild COVID-19. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04353284 (04/20/20)(https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04353284?term=camostat+%2C+yale&draw=2&rank=1) Key PointsO_ST_ABSQuestionC_ST_ABSWill early treatment of COVID-19 with a repurposed medication, camostat mesylate, improve clinical outcomes? FindingsIn this phase 2 randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial that included 70 adults with early COVID-19, the oral administration of camostat mesylate treatment within 3 days of diagnosis prevented the loss of smell/taste and reduced the duration of illness. MeaningIn the current COVID-19 pandemic, phase III testing of an inexpensive, repurposed drug for early COVID-19 is warranted.
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BACKGROUND: Approximately 40 percent of women smokers will stop smoking cigarettes during pregnancy; however, 70 percent of those who stop will resume smoking by 6 months postpartum. This exploratory pilot study prospectively examined the timing and predictors of returning to smoking after pregnancy in a group of inner-city women who stopped smoking cigarettes during pregnancy. METHODS: We interviewed women who stopped smoking just before or during their pregnancies during their postpartum hospital stay and at their infants' 2-week health supervision visits. Urine cotinine levels were measured at each interview. RESULTS: Forty-nine women were interviewed during the postpartum stay and 37 women at the 2-week follow-up. At follow-up, 40.5 percent (n = 15) of women had returned to smoking. Mothers more frequently returned to smoking if they had a lower level of education, that is, high school graduate/general equivalency diploma versus some college education (13/24 vs 2/13, p < 0.04); if they had someone else in the household who smoked (14/23 vs 1/14, p < 0.003); if they were formula feeding their infant at the time of interview (14/24 vs 1/13, p < 0.005); if they discussed smoking with a doctor or nurse during pregnancy (12/20 vs 3/17, p < 0.02); and if they were African American (10/15 vs 5/22, p < 0.02). Mothers reported the primary reasons for returning to smoking were stress (53%, n= 8) and being around another smoker (40%, n= 6). CONCLUSIONS: Almost one-half of the women in this pilot study who stopped smoking cigarettes during pregnancy resumed in the days immediately after delivery. These data suggest that future studies should explore the initiation of postpartum relapse prevention during the prenatal and perinatal period. Interventions may be more effective if they include strategies aimed increasing breastfeeding rates and assisting household members to stop smoking.
