Unilateral and bilateral neck SIB for head and neck cancer patients : Intensity-modulated proton therapy, tomotherapy, and RapidArc.

AIM: To compare simultaneous integrated boost plans for intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT), helical tomotherapy (HT), and RapidArc therapy (RA) for patients with head and neck cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 20 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck received definitive chemoradiation with bilateral (n = 14) or unilateral (n = 6) neck irradiation and were planned using IMPT, HT, and RA with 54.4, 60.8, and 70.4 GyE/Gy in 32 fractions. Dose distributions, coverage, conformity, homogeneity to planning target volumes (PTV)s and sparing of organs at risk and normal tissue were compared. RESULTS: All unilateral and bilateral plans showed excellent PTV coverage and acceptable dose conformity. For unilateral treatment, IMPT delivered substantially lower mean doses to contralateral salivary glands (< 0.001-1.1 Gy) than both rotational techniques did (parotid gland: 6-10 Gy; submandibular gland: 15-20 Gy). Regarding the sparing of classical organs at risk for bilateral treatment, IMPT and HT were similarly excellent and RA was satisfactory. CONCLUSION: For unilateral neck irradiation, IMPT may minimize the dry mouth risk in this subgroup but showed no advantage over HT for bilateral neck treatment regarding classical organ-at-risk sparing. All methods satisfied modern standards regarding toxicity and excellent target coverage for unilateral and bilateral treatment of head and neck cancer at the planning level.

Comparative treatment planning study on sequential vs. simultaneous integrated boost in head and neck cancer patients: Differences in dose distributions and potential implications for clinical practice.

AIM: The purpose of this work was to compare sequential (SeqB) versus simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) radiotherapy plans delivered with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for patients with locally advanced squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (HNSCC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: SeqB and SIB plans using VMAT for 10 HNSCC patients given definitive chemoradiation were generated and analysed for differences in dose distribution, coverage, conformity and homogeneity to the planning target volumes (PTV) 1-3 and sparing of organs at risk (OAR). RESULTS: The mean delineated volumes ± standard deviations were 137.7 ± 44.8, 351.3 ± 83.9 and 895.6 ± 120.5 cm3 for PTV1-3. The mean volumes encompassed by the corresponding 95 % isodoses were 281 (+ 110 %) ± 73.4, 712.2 (+ 115 %) ± 146.4 and 1381.1 (+ 54 %) ± 217.3 cm3 with SeqB and 138.2 (+ 7 %) ± 40.1, 380.4 (+ 11 %) ± 91.9 and 1057.3 (+ 21 %) ± 161.4 cm3 with SIB for PTV1-3, respectively. Both strategies achieved excellent PTV coverage. SeqB provided significantly better coverage of PTV1 and 3, worse conformity for PTV1-3 and a higher mean dose than prescribed (111-115 %) to PTV2 and 3 (p ≤ 0.007). Both strategies provided satisfactory OAR sparing. CONCLUSION: This study showed significant dosimetric differences with potential clinical relevance between two VMAT boost strategies regarding coverage, conformity and dose to the PTVs. SIB might cause less toxicity. A clinical phase III/IV trial endorsed by the German Head and Neck Clinical Trials Group (IAG-KHT) will evaluate differences in acute/late toxicity as well as in locoregional recurrences between the two boost techniques.

Patient and treatment-related risk factors for osteoradionecrosis of the jaw in patients with head and neck cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors for and the incidence of osteoradionecrosis (ORN) of the jaw in patients with head and neck cancer. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective analysis of the risk for ORN and outcome for 149 of 540 patients with head and neck cancer of the oral cavity (65%), oropharynx (26%), or other head and neck sites (9%) treated with radiotherapy between 2004 and 2009. ORN was graded according to Late Effects of Normal Tissues/Somatic Objective Management Analytic Scale (LENT/SOMA) criteria. RESULTS: Within a median follow-up of 41 months (95% confidence interval: 27.4-54.6), 38 patients (25.5%) had developed ORN, 37 patients (25%) had a local recurrence, and 53 patients (36%) had died. The median time to diagnosis of ORN was 14.5 months (range: 3-80), and 79% were diagnosed within 2 years of RT. Eleven of these patients had undergone previous mandibular surgery. Univariate significant risk factors for ORN were any comorbidity, poor oral hygiene, pre-radiotherapy osteotomy, close tumor-to-bone proximity, post-radiotherapy dentoalveolar surgery (DAS), DAS without sufficient wound closure, alcohol consumption, and denture pressure sores. In multivariate analysis, comorbidities, pre-radiotherapy mandibular surgery, poor oral hygiene, and insufficient DAS remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Reducing the risk of ORN calls for maintaining optimal oral hygiene, ensuring good denture fit, receiving proper training in DAS, and helping patients to stop drinking and smoking.

Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB): RapidArc and Tomotherapy Plan Comparison for Unilateral and Bilateral Neck Irradiation.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to compare simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) plans using volumetric modulated arc therapy (RapidArc®; RA) or tomotherapy (TT) for bilateral (BL) and unilateral (UL) treatment in head-and-neck cancer (HNC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Seventeen computed tomography scans (CTs) of 16 patients with SIB were replanned using TT and RA. We defined three groups: All, UL and BL, compared the dose distributions, homogeneity, conformity to planning target volume (PTV), organs at risk (OAR) and healthy tissue (HT) sparing. We evaluated a therapeutic-width index (TWI) based on PTV coverage and parotid gland (PG) sparing. RESULTS: PTV coverage for RA and TT was equivalent for all groups. UL irradiation resulted in similar doses to the HT for both techniques but TT achieved better sparing of spinal cord, larynx and contralateral PGs. TT provided better homogeneity. RA gave better conformity. CONCLUSION: Both methods achieved clinically acceptable results for UL and BL treatment, RA with better dose conformity to elective PTV, TT with better OAR sparing and homogeneity.

Salvage radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer and biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy : Long-term follow-up of a single-center survey.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In patients with prostate cancer (PC) and biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy, salvage radiotherapy (SRT) could improve PC-specific survival (PCSS) but the timing for initiation is still under discussion. We have demonstrated a low rate of biochemical relapses in a patient series with very low pre-SRT PSA levels after a median follow-up of 42 months. Here, we present an update of that study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Overall, 151 patients were analyzed. A biochemical relapse after SRT was diagnosed when the PSA exceeded the post-SRT nadir by 0.2 ng/ml with subsequent increase. Parameters with significant impact on biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS), PCSS, and overall survival (OS) in univariate analysis were included in a multiple Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 82 months, 18 patients (12%) had died with 10 (6.6%) deaths being PC-related. A biochemical progression was diagnosed in 83 patients (55%). Univariate analysis revealed a significant impact of pre-SRT PSA level, Gleason score, and PSA doubling time (PSADT) on BPFS and for initial tumor stage and Gleason score on OS. Multivariate analysis confirmed the impact of pre-SRT PSA level, Gleason score, and PSADT on BPFS and tumor stage on OS. CONCLUSION: In this update, the rate of biochemical relapses increased compared with our previous data. Compared to similar studies, we found a remarkably low rate of PC-related deaths. Our data support early initiation of SRT. However, this treatment strategy, triggered by very low PSA levels, could carry the risk of overtreatment in at least a subset of patients.

Salvage radiotherapy in patients with persistently detectable PSA or PSA rising from an undetectable range after radical prostatectomy gives comparable results.

PURPOSE: Salvage radiotherapy (SRT) is applied routinely in patients with a biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy (RP). Although the detection threshold for relapse after RP has steadily been lowered, only about 30% of the SRT patients achieve a durable response. We have previously shown the association between a PSA decrease below detectable levels after SRT and biochemical progression-free survival (BPFS). After recalculating our data according to a more recent definition of biochemical failure after SRT, we now show the significance of the post-RP PSA nadir. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 159 prostate cancer patients without hormonal treatment after RP, SRT was given to 72 patients with persistently detectable PSA after RP and to 87 whose PSA increased out of an undetectable range. The median pre-SRT PSA was 0.29 ng/ml for the former group and 0.34 ng/ml for the latter group. A radiation dose of 66.6 Gy was applied to the prostate bed. RESULTS: The overall median follow-up time was 41.7 months. The probability for BPFS after this period was 52.8% in 72 patients with persistently detectable PSA after RP and 65.4% in 87 patients who had a post-RP PSA nadir below detection limit. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed no significant difference in BPFS of both patient groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that SRT is a viable treatment option for patients with persistently detectable PSA, giving similar results as in patients whose PSA increases out of an undetectable range after RP.

Dynamic perfusion CT: optimizing the temporal resolution for the calculation of perfusion CT parameters in stroke patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the influence of different temporal sampling rates on the accuracy of the results from cerebral perfusion CTs in patients with an acute ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty consecutive patients with acute stroke symptoms received a dynamic perfusion CT (LightSpeed 16, GE). Forty millilitres of iomeprol (Imeron 400) were administered at an injection rate of 4 ml/s. After a scan delay of 7s, two adjacent 10mm slices at 80 kV and 190 mA were acquired in a cine mode technique with a cine duration of 49 s. Parametric maps for the blood flow (BF), blood volume (BV) and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated for temporal sampling intervals of 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4s using GE's Perfusion 3 software package. In addition to the quantitative ROI data analysis, a visual perfusion map analysis was performed. RESULTS: The perfusion analysis proved to be technically feasible with all patients. The calculated perfusion values revealed significant differences with regard to the BF, BV and MTT, depending on the employed temporal resolution. The perfusion contrast between ischemic lesions and healthy brain tissue decreased continuously at the lower temporal resolutions. The visual analysis revealed that ischemic lesions were best depicted with sampling intervals of 0.5 and 1s. CONCLUSION: We recommend a temporal scan resolution of two images per second for the best detection and depiction of ischemic areas.