RESUMO
Objectives: To analyze the studies encompassing the involvement of pharmacists in diabetes self-care. Method: We reviewed studies conducted from 2005 to 2017 on the involvement of pharmacists in diabetes self-care. The keywords mainly used in this search are pharmacoeconomic analysis, diabetes self-care, pharmacist involvement,cost-effectiveness analysis, cost of utilization, cost of illness, cost of minimization and cost-benefit analysis. PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link and Medline searched for the relevant studies. These databases searched for full text articles ranging from 2007 to 2017. We tried to limit the search with the inclusion of studies having any sort of pharmacoeconomically relevant component. Key Findings: Cost of illness varied among the countries in managing diabetes mellitus, and the cost of managing diabetes complications were twice the cost of management of diabetes. Continuous involvement of the pharmacist in primary health care is a cost-effective strategy and pronounced to be essential for helping diabetes patient in controlling and managing their disease. Implementation of diabetes self-care by pharmacists such as lifestyle intervention rendered improved quality of life of patient without any increase in health care cost. Self-care management generates intensive blood glucose control and improved quality of life. Conclusions: Implementation of diabetic self-care intervention including intensive lifestyle intervention, education, self-monitoring of blood glucose and adherence toward medication-initiated reduction in the overall healthcare cost of diabetic patients compared to patients relying on only any one of the interventions. Impact of diabetes self-care intervention by pharmacist reported to significantly reduce the HbA1C levels of diabetic patients along with the reduction of yearly healthcare cost. This review showed that pharmacist involvement in diabetes self-care interventions prove to be cost-effective and can significantly affect the condition of the diabetic patients and reduces the risk of complications.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, awareness, and perception of contraception among senior pharmacy students of a public sector university in Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted among senior pharmacy students. The pretested questionnaire was used to collect data from the participants over the period of 1-month. The questionnaire was divided into four sections, for gathering the information about students' demographic data, and their knowledge, attitudes, and perception toward contraception. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20. FINDINGS: The response rate was 68.6%. The results showed that the contraceptive knowledge was comparatively higher in year four students (P < 0.001), married respondents (P < 0.001) and those taking elective courses (P = 0.022) as compared to their respective counterparts. Majority of the students were well aware and had a positive perception about contraception. CONCLUSION: Overall findings reflect that the majority of the students had good knowledge, perception, and awareness about contraception. The study recommends future studies to be conducted covering different pharmacy schools across the country to further establish the results.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is limited research on pharmacy specialization based differences with regards to usage of antibiotics. OBJECTIVE: To compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students about usage and resistance of antibiotics in Southern India. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study involving final year BPharm and PharmD students studying in two private institutions located in Andra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted for the period of 3 months. The questionnaire was divided into 5 components: demographics, knowledge about antibiotic use, attitude towards antibiotic use and resistance, self-antibiotic usage, and possible causes of antibiotic resistance. The study questionnaire was assessed for reliability. Data were analysed by employing Mann Whitney and chi square tests using SPSS version 19. RESULTS: The sample size comprised of 137 students. The response rate was 76.11% for the study. There was a significant difference in the knowledge of antibiotic use in BPharm and PharmD students (Mean score: 5.09 vs 6.18, p<0.001). The overall attitude of PharmD students about antibiotic use and resistance was positive compared to BPharm students (Mean score: 3.05 vs 2.23, p<0.05). The self-antibiotic practices was higher in BPharm students than PharmD students (36.4% vs 20%, p<0.05). A significantly high number of PharmD students believed that empirical antibiotic therapy led to antibiotic resistance (19.5% versus 48%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: PharmD students were more knowledgeable about antibiotic usage and resistance compared to BPharm students who did not have accurate and the much needed information about the same. Future interventions should be targeted towards educating the BPharm students so that they can implement the acquired knowledge in their practice.
RESUMO
Background: There is limited research on pharmacy specialization based differences with regards to usage of antibiotics. Objective: To compare the knowledge, attitude and practice of Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm) and Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students about usage and resistance of antibiotics in Southern India. Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving final year BPharm and PharmD students studying in two private institutions located in Andra Pradesh, India. The study was conducted for the period of 3 months. The questionnaire was divided into 5 components: demographics, knowledge about antibiotic use, attitude towards antibiotic use and resistance, self-antibiotic usage, and possible causes of antibiotic resistance. The study questionnaire was assessed for reliability. Data were analysed by employing Mann Whitney and chi square tests using SPSS version 19. Results: The sample size comprised of 137 students. The response rate was 76.11% for the study. There was a significant difference in the knowledge of antibiotic use in BPharm and PharmD students (Mean score: 5.09 vs 6.18, p<0.001). The overall attitude of PharmD students about antibiotic use and resistance was positive compared to BPharm students (Mean score: 3.05 vs 2.23, p<0.05). The self-antibiotic practices was higher in BPharm students than PharmD students (36.4% vs 20%, p<0.05). A significantly high number of PharmD students believed that empirical antibiotic therapy led to antibiotic resistance (19.5% versus 48%, P<0.05). Conclusion: PharmD students were more knowledgeable about antibiotic usage and resistance compared to BPharm students who did not have accurate and the much needed information about the same. Future interventions should be targeted towards educating the BPharm (AU)
Antecedentes: Existe poca investigación sobre la especialización en farmacia en relación al uso de antibióticos. Objetivo: Comparar el conocimiento, actitudes y práctica de los estudiantes de licenciatura en farmacia (BPharm) y de Doctor en Farmacia (PharmD) sobre el uso de antibióticos y resistencias en el Sur de India. Métodos: Este fue en un estudio transversal que envolvió a estudiantes de BPharm y PharmD de dos instituciones privadas localizadas en Andra Pradesh, India. Se realizó el estudio durante 3 meses. Se dividió el cuestionario en 5 componentes: demográficos; conocimiento sobre uso de antibióticos; actitud hacia el uso de antibióticos y resistencias; automedicación con antibióticos; y causas posibles de resistencias antibióticas. Se evaluó la fiabilidad del cuestionario. Se analizaron los datos usando test de Mann Whitney y chi cuadrado mediante el uso de un SPSS versión 19. Resultados: La muestra incluyó 137 estudiantes. La tasa de respuesta del estudio fue del 76,11%. Hubo diferencia significativa en el conocimiento sobre antibióticos entre los estudiantes de BPharm y los PharmD (puntuación media: 5,09 vs 6,18; p<0,001). La actitud general de los estudiantes de PharmD sobre el uso de antibióticos y las resistencias fue más positiva, comparado con los estudiantes de BPharm (puntuación media: 3,05 vs 2,23; p<0,05). El uso de antibióticos en automedicación fue más alto en los estudiantes de BPharm que los de PharmD (36,4% vs 20%; p<0,05). Un número significativamente mayor de estudiantes de PharmD creía que la terapéutica antibiótica empírica conducía a resistencias (19,5% vs 48%; p<0,05). Conclusión: Los estudiantes de PharmD tenían más conocimientos sobre uso de antibióticos y resistencias que los estudiantes de BPharm, que no habían recibido la información apropiada sobre este tema. Las intervenciones futuras deberían centrarse en educar a los estudiantes de BPharm para que puedan implantar el conocimiento adquirido en su ejercicio profesional (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Estudantes de Farmácia , Índia , Estudos Transversais , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Infectious diseases are a great threat to humankind, and antibiotics are a viable proposition to numerous pathologies. However, antibiotic resistance is a global concern. Therefore, the aims of this survey were to explore the understanding and attitudes of pharmacy students regarding antibiotic use and resistance. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on final-year undergraduate pharmacy students from 5 public universities. A validated, self-administered questionnaire written in English was used to collect data. It was made up of six domains and forty-five questions. Raosoft software was used to determine the minimum required sample size. Descriptive and inferential data analyses were carried out using SPSS version 20 software. RESULTS: Out of 346 students, only 59.5% showed a strong understanding of antibiotic usage, while 84.4% of students demonstrated a good level of understanding regarding the issue of antibiotic resistance. However, only 34.1% of students demonstrated a positive attitude toward this issue. CONCLUSION: This survey reveals that final-year pharmacy students at Malaysian public universities have a relatively good understanding of antibiotic resistance. However, their attitudes did not strongly correlate to their knowledge.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Competência Profissional , Estudantes de Farmácia , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Educação de Graduação em Medicina , Feminino , Humanos , Malásia , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since last 100 years, immunization rate is one of the best public health outcome and service indicators. However, the immunization system is still imperfect; there are many countries that still have unvaccinated children. Parental decisions regarding immunization are very important to improve immunization rate. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between parental knowledge-practice (KP) regarding immunization with family and immunization providers' factors. METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study design. Immunization knowledge and practices among 528 Iraqi parents were evaluated through validated questionnaire. Familial data and immunization provider's characteristics were collected from parents through interview. RESULTS: More than half of respondents/study population (66.1%) have adequate knowledge- practice scores. Significant associations were noted for knowledge-practice groups with father's education level, mother's education level, mother's age at delivery, number of preschool children, parents gender, family income, provider types, and birth place (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Immunization campaigns and awareness are required to improve parents' knowledge and practice regarding immunization. The study results reinforce recommendations for use of educational programmes to improve the immunization knowledge and practice.
Assuntos
Atitude Frente a Saúde , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Imunização , Pais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Iraque , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Immunization rate is one of the best public health outcome and service indicators of the last 100 years. Parental decisions regarding immunization are very important to improve immunization rate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between parental knowledge-practices (KP) and children's immunization completeness. METHODS: A mixed method has been utilized in this study: a retrospective cohort study was used to evaluate immunization completeness; a prospective cross-sectional study was used to evaluate immunization KP of parents. 528 children born between 1 January 2003 and 31 June 2008 were randomly selected from five public health clinics in Mosul, Iraq. Immunization history of each child was collected retrospectively from their immunization record/card. RESULTS: About half of studied children (n = 286, 56.3%) were immunized with all vaccination doses; these children were considered as having had complete immunization. 66.1% of the parents was found to have adequate KP scores. A significant association of immunization completeness with total KP groups (p < 0.05) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Future efforts are required to improve immunization rate and parents' knowledge and practice. The study results reinforce recommendations for the periodic assessment of immunization rate and the use of educational programmes to improve the immunization rate, knowledge and practice.
