A 3.0 Gsymbol/s/lane MIPI C-PHY Receiver with Adaptive Level-Dependent Equalizer for Mobile CMOS Image Sensor.

A 3.0 Gsymbol/s/lane receiver is proposed herein to acquire near-grounded high-speed signals for the mobile industry processor interface (MIPI) C-PHY version 1.1 specification used for CMOS image sensor interfaces. Adaptive level-dependent equalization is also proposed to improve the signal integrity of the high-speed receivers receiving three-level signals. The proposed adaptive level-dependent equalizer (ALDE) is optimized by adjusting the duty cycle ratio of the clock recovered from the received data to 50%. A pre-determined data pattern transmitted from a MIPI C-PHY transmitter is established to perform the adaptive level-dependent equalization. The proposed MIPI C-PHY receiver with three data lanes is implemented using a 65 nm CMOS process with a 1.2 V supply voltage. The power consumption and area of each lane are 4.9 mW/Gsymbol/s/lane and 0.097 mm2, respectively. The proposed ALDE improves the peak-to-peak time jitter of 12 ps and 34 ps, respectively, for the received data and the recovered clock at a symbol rate of 3 Gsymbol/s/lane. Additionally, the duty cycle ratio of the recovered clock is improved from 42.8% to 48.3%.

Classification of motor vehicle crash injury severity: A hybrid approach for imbalanced data.

This study aims to classify the injury severity in motor-vehicle crashes with both high accuracy and sensitivity rates. The dataset used in this study contains 297,113 vehicle crashes, obtained from the Michigan Traffic Crash Facts (MTCF) dataset, from 2016-2017. Similar to any other crash dataset, different accident severity classes are not equally represented in MTCF. To account for the imbalanced classes, several techniques have been used, including under-sampling and over-sampling. Using five classification learning models (i.e., Logistic regression, Decision tree, Neural network, Gradient boosting model, and Naïve Bayes classifier), we classify the levels of injury severity and attempt to improve the classification performance by two training-testing methods including Bootstrap aggregation (or bagging) and majority voting. Furthermore, due to the imbalance present in the dataset, we use the geometric mean (G-mean) to evaluate the classification performance. We show that the classification performance is the highest when bagging is used with decision trees, with over-sampling treatment for imbalanced data. The effect of treatments for the imbalanced data is maximized when under-sampling is combined with bagging. In addition to the original five classes of injury severity in the MTCF dataset, we consider two additional classification problems, one with two classes and the other with three classes, to (1) investigate the impact of the number of classes on the performance of classification models, and (2) enable comparing our results with the literature.

Oxidation behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotubes fluidized with ozone.

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were simultaneously fluidized and oxidized with gaseous ozone in a vertical reactor. Two different varieties of MWCNTs were compared to determine the versatility of the treatment and to elucidate the effect of defects on the oxidation behavior of MWCNTs. The extent of oxidation and nature of functional groups introduced on the nanotube surfaces were determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Boehm titration, and structural changes were monitored with Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After only a few minutes of treatment, nongraphitic impurities were removed from the MWCNTs, and significant levels of oxidation (∼8 atom % O) were achieved with very little damage to the nanotube sidewalls. Short O3 exposure resulted in primarily hydroxyl functionalities, whereas longer exposure led to the formation of mainly carboxylic acid groups. Aliphatic defects present in the commercially produced MWCNTs were found to play an important role in the oxidation mechanism. Because of its ability to remove impurities and to evenly oxidize the sidewalls of nanotubes without the use of any solvents, the fluidized O3 reaction developed in this study was found to be an attractive option for industrial-scale MWCNT functionalization.

First emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium borohydride: evidence of the generation of radical intermediates by sodium borohydride in H2O.

Emulsion polymerization of styrene with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) in an aqueous sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution was successfully accomplished for the first time. Polystyrene with a high molecular weight (M(w) > 2 000 000) and a broad molecular weight distribution (MWD approximately 3.5) was obtained in a conversion of less than 30%. Several pieces of evidence that the polymerization proceeded through radical intermediates were observed. Variations in the concentration of NaBH4 showed a critical range in said concentration, i.e., a borderline that determined whether the main reaction was directed to either a polymerization or a competed reaction with variations in the NaBH4 level. Kinetic studies on the emulsion polymerization of styrene with NaBH4 performed at 50, 55, and 60 degrees C showed that the initiator had an approximately 50-min induction period. A plot of -ln(1 - X), where X is the fractional conversion, as a function of time resulted in a linear relationship, showing that the present initiator system followed first-order kinetics with respect to monomer concentration. The Arrhenius plot between ln k vs 1/T gave a good linear relation, and the overall activation energy was observed to be about 37.5 kcal/mol. The employment of CH3I with NaBH4 significantly increased conversion (>95%) and provided polystyrene with a well-controlled Mw and MWD (<2.3).

Ion flotation of cadmium(II) and zinc(II) in the presence of proton-ionizable lariat ethers.

Competitive flotation of Cd(II) and Zn(II) from very dilute aqueous solutions by proton-ionizable lariat ethers in the presence of nonylphenol nona(ethylene glycol) ether as a nonionic foaming agent is reported. Influences of structural variation within the collector (identity of the pendent acidic group and lipophilicity), concentration of the collector, and pH of the aqueous solution are assessed. A monoethyl lariat ether phosphonic acid collector is found to exhibit high Cd(II)/Zn(II) flotation selectivity under certain conditions.

Di-[1,10]-phenanthrolinyl diazines: a new family of bis-tridentate chelators.

A series of three bis-tridentate bridging ligands has been prepared in which two 1,10-phenanthroline units have been symmetrically appended to a central pyridazine, pyrimidine, or pyrazine ring. These ligands have been treated with [Ru(tpy-d(11))Cl(3)] to afford both mono- and bimetallic complexes that show very self-consistent NMR properties. [structure: see text]