The Potential of Congo Red Supplied Aggregates of Multitargeted Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (Sorafenib, BAY-43-9006) in Enhancing Therapeutic Impact on Bladder Cancer.

Bladder cancer is a common malignancy associated with high recurrence rates and potential progression to invasive forms. Sorafenib, a multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown promise in anti-cancer therapy, but its cytotoxicity to normal cells and aggregation in solution limits its clinical application. To address these challenges, we investigated the formation of supramolecular aggregates of sorafenib with Congo red (CR), a bis-azo dye known for its supramolecular interaction. We analyzed different mole ratios of CR-sorafenib aggregates and evaluated their effects on bladder cancer cells of varying levels of malignancy. In addition, we also evaluated the effect of the test compounds on normal uroepithelial cells. Our results demonstrated that sorafenib inhibits the proliferation of bladder cancer cells and induces apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. However, high concentrations of sorafenib also showed cytotoxicity to normal uroepithelial cells. In contrast, the CR-BAY aggregates exhibited reduced cytotoxicity to normal cells while maintaining anti-cancer activity. The aggregates inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting their potential for metastasis prevention. Dynamic light scattering and UV-VIS measurements confirmed the formation of stable co-aggregates with distinctive spectral properties. These CR-sorafenib aggregates may provide a promising approach to targeted therapy with reduced cytotoxicity and improved stability for drug delivery in bladder cancer treatment. This work shows that the drug-excipient aggregates proposed and described so far, as Congo red-sorafenib, can be a real step forward in anti-cancer therapies.

[Out-of-hospital sudden cardiac arrest in the population of adults in Szczecin, years 2002-2003]. / Nagle zatrzymanie krazenia poza szpitalem w populacji doroslych miasta Szczecina w latach 2002-2003.

INTRODUCTION: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with its high fatality rate, is a significant public health issue. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The survival of 421 patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, who after the resuscitation were admitted to intensive care units in Szczecin in 2002-2003, was investigated. The outcome was analysed at two points of survival: hospital admission and hospital discharge. All data were computed with Microsoft Excel for Windows and were analysed according the Utstein style template. RESULTS: In the resuscitated group, 326 patients had a cardiac aetiology of the arrest. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) as initial rhythm was observed more frequently. The survival was strictly associated with early defibrillation. Patients with VF as an initial rhythm had an almost four times higher chance of being successfully resuscitated and discharged alive. A total of 42 patients were discharge alive, most of them in good general condition, without any neurological defects. CONCLUSIONS: The overall mortality rate was high. The outcome of out-of-hospital resuscitation in the city of Szczecin is still unsatisfactory. The results of the present study indicate that the rate of bystander resuscitation should be increased. The low number of resuscitations attempts by laypersons indicates that there is an urgent need to promote better pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation.