Achieving comprehensive remission or low disease activity in rheumatoid patients and its impact on workability - Saudi Rheumatoid Arthritis Registry.

PURPOSE: Ability to work is an important endpoint in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is not clear what outcome measures should be used to guide treatment in order to maximize workability. This study addressed the impact of RA on workability in a Saudi population and examined the correlation between objective measures of disease activity and reduced workability. This will allow better understanding of treatment targets that will translate into improved workability. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were collected through a digital patient record keeper: The Rheumatoid Arthritis Saudi Database. Male and female patients, ≥18 years of age, that met the American College for Rheumatology criteria for diagnosis of RA, were recruited, regardless of treatment. Demographic and disease-specific data were collected. Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28) was used to define patients as low (DAS-28 ≤3.2) vs high (DAS-28 >3.2) disease activity. Health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and musculoskeletal ultrasound 7 joint score were documented also. The work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) score was used to measure absenteeism, presenteeism, overall work impairment, and activity impairment. DAS-28 score was correlated with WPAI score and linear regression used to identify the demographic and measures of treatment response that predict improvement in WPAI score. RESULTS: Higher absenteeism and more activity impairment were seen for patients with persistent DAS-28 >3.2 (non-achievers). HAQ and VAS scores correlated with presenteeism, overall work impairment, and activity impairment. CONCLUSION: Disease activity, as defined by DAS-28 score, correlates with absenteeism and work impairment in a Saudi population. However, on linear regression analysis, HAQ and VAS scores were the only measures predictive of work impairment. These scores should be used to monitor response to treatment regimens that aim to maximize work potential for Saudi individuals.

Determining early referral criteria for patients with suspected inflammatory arthritis presenting to primary care physicians: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment for inflammatory arthritis can greatly improve patient outcome. We aimed to provide standardized and validated criteria for use by primary care physicians (PCPs) in the identification of individuals requiring referral to a rheumatologist. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed the predictive value of a wide variety of demographic variables, patient-reported complaints, physical examination results, and biomarkers in order to identify the most useful factors for indicating a requirement for referral. Patients for this cross-sectional study were enrolled from various centers of the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, if they were ≥18 years of age and presented to a PCP with small joint pain that had been present for more than 6 weeks. A total of 203 patients were enrolled, as indicated by the sample size calculation. Each patient underwent a standardized physical examination, which was subsequently compared to ultrasound findings. Biomarker analysis and a patient interview were also carried out. Results were then correlated with the final diagnosis made by a rheumatologist. RESULTS: A total of 9 variables were identified as having high specificity and good predictive value: loss of appetite, swelling of metacarpophalangeal joint 2 or 5, swelling of proximal inter-phalangeal joint 2 or 3, wrist swelling, wrist tenderness, a positive test for rheumatoid factor, and a positive test for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies. CONCLUSION: Nine variables should be the basis of early referral criteria. It should aid PCPs in making appropriate early referrals of patients with suspected inflammatory arthritis, accelerating diagnosis and initiation of treatment.

From Symptoms to Diagnosis: An Observational Study of the Journey of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is often not diagnosed or treated quickly enough to alter outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the lag times from disease onset to first clinical consultation and diagnosis and to identify factors contributing to delayed diagnosis in Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This retrospective, multicenter study collected data on 250 patients, from six hospitals in Saudi Arabia, who met the 2010 American College of Rheumatology criteria for RA. RESULTS: The patients mean age was 43.3±12.0 years (mean disease duration: 6.6±5.8 years). The majority were female (84.8%) and presented with joint pain during RA onset (83.6%). On average, they consulted 4.3±2.5 physicians from the first symptoms to the final diagnosis. The mean time from onset to first physician visit (lag 1) was 6.2±5.5 months, whereas the mean time was 30.2±16.0 months between the initial visit and final RA diagnosis (lag 2). Only 3.2% of patients initially sought consultation from a rheumatologist, while 67.2%, 23.6%, and 6.0% first met with orthopedic surgeons, general practitioners, and non-rheumatologists, respectively. Non-rheumatologists offered diagnoses in 24.4% of cases while rheumatologists diagnosed 75.6%. The absence of early hand/wrist involvement and fatigue were associated with delayed RA diagnosis (long lag 2; p<0.010). Moreover, geographic distribution influenced RA diagnosis, with rural patients experiencing a greater delay than urban patients (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Failure of patients to be seen by rheumatologists at RA onset delayed diagnosis and treatment. Thus, RA diagnosis can be accelerated by encouraging early referral to rheumatologists.

Challenges of diagnosis and management of axial spondyloarthritis in North Africa and the Middle East: An expert consensus.

Axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) is a spectrum of inflammatory disease with stages characterized by both nonradiographic and radiographic sacroiliitis. Nonradiographic axial SpA is associated with health-related quality-of-life impairment and may progress to ankylosing spondylitis. Axial SpA has a low prevalence in some countries in North Africa and the Middle East, and pooling of data and resources is needed to increase understanding of the regional picture. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are required to reduce disease burden and prevent progression. Anti-TNF therapy is recommended for patients with persistently high disease activity despite conventional treatment, and has been shown to be effective in patients without radiographic damage. Diagnostic delays can be an obstacle to early treatment and appropriate referral strategies are needed. In some countries, restricted access to magnetic resonance imaging and anti-TNF agents presents a challenge. In this article, a group of experts from North Africa and the Middle East evaluated the diagnosis and management of axial SpA with particular reference to this region.

Effect of Adalimumab on Work Ability Assessed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Patients in Saudi Arabia (AWARDS).

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disabling disease that can jeopardize the ability of affected individuals to participate in paid work. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 6-month course of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist (adalimumab) on work ability, overall health, and fatigue in RA patients. METHODS: Between October 2012 and February 2014, this prospective, observational study enrolled 63 consecutive patients with established adult RA at outpatient clinics in Makkah, Jeddah, Riyadh and Abha (Saudi Arabia). Patients received subcutaneous injections of adalimumab (40 mg every 2 weeks). Outcomes were measured at baseline and 6 months using the following tools: Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI), Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Visual Analog Scale for Fatigue (VAS-F), and work disability self-assessment. RESULTS: All outcomes showed improvements after 6 months of adalimumab therapy. Significant improvements from baseline were observed in absenteeism (64% ± 11.62 to 11.60% ± 11.17 [p<0.0001]), presenteeism (62.15% ± 20.11 to 34.92% ± 20.61 [p<0.0001]), overall work impairment (69.08% ± 18.86 to 40.73% ± 22.29 [p<0.0001]), overall activity impairment (68.46% ± 18.58 to 36.46% ± 20.79 [p<0.0001]), HAQ score (1.69 ± 0.57 to 0.81 ± 0.61 [p<0.0001]), and FSS score (47.08 ± 9.55 to 27.86 ± 13.43 [p<0.0001]). CONCLUSION: A 6-month course of adalimumab improved work ability, fatigue, and overall health assessments in patients with established RA. Our findings encourage randomized controlled trials investigating the cost-effectiveness and long-term effects of TNF inhibitors on work disability.

Do Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Rate their Health Status Different than their Caregivers?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the ratings given by the caregivers regarding the health status of their rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to those recorded by the patients themselves and to assess the effect of caring for a patient with RA on the mental health of the caregiver. METHODS: This is a non-interventional, cross-sectional, multi-center epidemiological study conducted at the outpatient clinics of two hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The patients included were diagnosed with RA, over 18 years of age with 1-5 years of disease duration, and all had an identifiable single caregiver who was willing to participate in the study. RESULTS: 40 patients of whom 92.5% were women and the mean age of 44.6 years. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) score was 4.98 for general health. The mean Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) for the patients according to themselves was 1.31 (±0.68), while that stated by caregivers was 1.40 (±0.69); thus, the mean scores given by the caregivers was 0.091 points higher than that provided by the patients themselves (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.167-0.014) (p=0.0214). Further, 43% of the caregivers gave higher HAQ scores to their related patients than the patients themselves, while 30% gave similar HAQ scores. The caregivers scored a mean of 21 points in the Zarit Burden Interview (±12.1), with 47.5% reporting mild to moderate burden, and 5% reporting moderate to severe burden. CONCLUSION: RA patients showed a tendency to understate their disease burden and as compared to that observed by caregivers who suffer from considerable level of burden.

Work ability and work disability evaluation in Saudi patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Special emphasis on work ability among housewives.

OBJECTIVE: To assess work ability and work satisfaction in Saudi Arabian patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to compare work ability outcomes and work satisfaction levels between housewives and paid workers both suffering from RA. METHODS: This is a cross sectional study on 120 patients with RA conducted at 3 hospitals between September 2011 and May 2012. The Quantity-Quality Method (Q-Q Method) and the Work Satisfaction Questionnaire were used for the assessment of the impact of RA on the work ability of the patients enrolled in this study. The RA disease severity was assessed using Disease Activity Score-28 (DAS-28) and Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). RESULTS: The mean +/- standard deviation scores were: 5.45 +/- 2.533 (work quantity); 6.22 +/- 2.5218 (work quality); and 6.26 +/- 2.963 (work satisfaction). Work productivity lost due to RA was estimated to be 3.64 hours. Compared with paid workers included in the study, housewives had significantly lower work quantity (p=0.041), quality (p=0.021), and work satisfaction (p=0.040) scores. Fatigue, swollen joint count, tender joint count, HAQ, and the use of biologic therapy were found to be the variables that were significantly related to work quantity. CONCLUSION: Housewives with RA suffer worse work ability outcomes and poorer work satisfaction compared to paid workers with RA.