RESUMO
The aim of the study was to discuss physiology and pathology of speech and review of the literature on speech disorders in Parkinson disease. Additionally, the most effective methods to diagnose the speech disorders in Parkinson disease were also stressed. Afterward, articulatory, respiratory, acoustic and pragmatic factors contributing to the exacerbation of the speech disorders were discussed. Furthermore, the study dealt with the most important types of speech treatment techniques available (pharmacological and behavioral) and a significance of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment was highlighted.
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson/complicações , Acústica da Fala , Distúrbios da Fala/classificação , Distúrbios da Fala/etiologia , Inteligibilidade da Fala , Disartria/etiologia , Humanos , Qualidade de Vida , Fala , Distúrbios da Fala/prevenção & controle , Medida da Produção da Fala , Fonoterapia/métodosRESUMO
Ischaemic stroke induces endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilisation from bone marrow into peripheral blood. Circulating EPCs play an important role in post-injury regeneration of vasculature, whereas endothelial cells (ECs) have been shown to reflect endothelial damage and may be responsible for increased Endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression. We investigated herein the association between numbers of circulating ECs and EPCs, the levels of soluble factors regulating their migration and function, and the clinical outcome in patients with haemorrhagic (HS) or ischaemic stroke (IS). Sixteen patients with HS and eighteen with IS were assessed during the first 24h, day 3, and day 7 after stroke and compared them with twenty-three control subjects. We found elevated EPC and EC concentrations using flow cytometry and increase in VEGF, SDF-1, HGF, and ET-1 plasma levels by ELISA in the HS patients, while ET-1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood cells was elevated in the IS patients. Significant correlations were observed between EPCs or ECs and Big ET-1 protein or mRNA levels in HS but not in the IS patients. We suggest that ET-1 may play a role in pathophysiology of stroke and subsequent EPC mobilisation; however, further studies aimed at the precise elucidation of this issue are required.
Assuntos
Isquemia Encefálica/sangue , Hemorragia Cerebral/sangue , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Endotelina-1/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores/sangue , Isquemia Encefálica/epidemiologia , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/epidemiologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/patologia , Células Endoteliais/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células-Tronco/patologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/epidemiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia , Regulação para Cima/fisiologiaRESUMO
Minutiae of the epidermal ridges were examined in 16 children with Down's syndrome and 50 children without genetic and familial abnormalities. Minutiae in standard areas on the hand palms (according to Grzeszyk's concept) were examined. Comparative analysis confirmed by the statistical analysis showed significant differences in the incidence of particular minutiae types on the hand palms of children with Down's syndrome and control group.
