Compartmentalisation: an example of a national official assurance system.

In South Africa's experience, compartmentalisation has been extremely effective in maintaining an animal subpopulation of a specific health status, based on segregation and biosecurity management. Compartmentalisation promotes animal disease control and underwrites a national official assurance system that provides zoosanitary trade guarantees for animals and animal products. South Africa started to develop the concept of compartmentalisation during the 1950s for the pig sector, due to African swine fever being endemic in wildlife in the north of the country, where certain biosecurity measures were used to protect domestic pigs. Compartmentalisation protocols were formalised and officially published from 2001 as voluntary systems, first for the pig industry and later for the poultry (chicken and ostrich) industry. South Africa uses five basic principles for animal health compartmentalisation, namely, segregation, biosecurity, record-keeping, surveillance and official inspection. These are applied in line with the World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Animal Health Code guidelines. Industry and the farmer bear the costs of compartmentalisation and, in turn, obtain not only animal disease protection but also trade advantages due to health assurances. Compartmentalisation ensures optimal use of government resources as the expenses for animal disease control are shared with private industries. International acceptance and standardisation of compartments is advocated as a measure to provide assurances for disease freedom, based on risk-specific mitigation measures.

D'après l'expérience de l'Afrique du Sud en matière de compartimentation, celleci s'est révélée extrêmement efficace pour préserver le statut sanitaire de souspopulations animales données grâce à l'application de mesures de ségrégation et de gestion de la biosécurité. La compartimentation favorise le contrôle des maladies animales et participe à un système officiel national d'assurance visant à apporter des garanties sanitaires aux échanges d'animaux et de produits d'origine animale. L'Afrique du Sud a commencé à expérimenter le concept de compartimentation dans les années 1950 en l'appliquant au secteur porcin qui se trouvait menacé par la peste porcine africaine présente à l'état endémique dans la faune sauvage des régions du nord du pays, à travers des mesures de biosécurité spécifiques mises en place pour protéger les porcs domestiques. Des protocoles de compartimentation ont été officiellement adoptés et publiés à partir de 2001 sous forme de systèmes basés sur le volontariat, destinés en premier lieu au secteur porcin puis au secteur avicole (élevages de poulets et d'autruches). La compartimentation appliquée en Afrique du Sud fait appel à cinq principes fondamentaux, à savoir la ségrégation, la biosécurité, la tenue de registres d'élevage, la surveillance et l'inspection officielle. Ces principes sont mis en oeuvre conformément aux lignes directrices du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale. Les coûts de la compartimentation sont pris en charge par le secteur privé et les éleveurs, qui à leur tour en retirent non seulement une protection contre les maladies animales mais aussi des avantages compétitifs grâce aux garanties sanitaires qu'ils sont en mesure d'apporter à leurs partenaires commerciaux. La compartimentation garantit une utilisation optimale des ressources publiques car les dépenses liées au contrôle des maladies animales sont partagées avec le secteur privé. Les auteurs plaident en faveur d'une reconnaissance et normalisation internationales des compartiments en tant que méthode permettant de garantir le statut indemne de maladie sur la base de mesures spécifiques d'atténuation des risques.

Su propia experiencia lleva a Sudáfrica a concluir que la compartimentación ha resultado sumamente eficaz para preservar el estado sanitario de determinadas subpoblaciones animales con medidas de segregación y seguridad biológica. La compartimentación facilita el control de enfermedades animales y trae aparejado un sistema nacional de garantía oficial por el cual los animales y productos de origen animal destinados al comercio se acompañan de una garantía zoosanitaria. Sudáfrica empezó a desarrollar el concepto de compartimentación en el decenio de 1950 para aplicarlo al sector porcino, dado que la peste porcina africana era endémica en la fauna salvaje del norte del país, donde se aplicaron ciertas medidas de seguridad biológica para proteger a los cerdos domésticos. En 2001 se formalizaron y publicaron oficialmente protocolos de compartimentación con carácter de sistema voluntario, primero para el sector porcino y algo después para el de producción avícola (pollos y avestruces). Sudáfrica aplica cinco principios básicos para la compartimentación zoosanitaria, a saber, segregación, seguridad biológica, mantenimiento de registros, vigilancia e inspección oficial, siguiendo las pautas marcadas por la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal en su Código Sanitario para los Animales Terrestres. Los costos de la compartimentación recaen en industriales y productores, quienes a cambio salen ganando no solo con la protección contra enfermedades animales, sino también con las ventajas comerciales que les procuran las garantías sanitarias. La compartimentación asegura un uso óptimo de los recursos del Gobierno, toda vez que este comparte con el sector privado los gastos de la lucha zoosanitaria. Los autores proponen que a escala internacional se acepte y se estandarice el uso de compartimentos como medida de garantía de la ausencia de enfermedades, partiendo para ello de medidas de mitigación adaptadas específicamente a cada tipo de riesgo.

Pelvic and hip kinematics during single-leg drop-landing are altered in sports participants with long-standing groin pain: A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in three-dimensional pelvic and hip kinematics during a single-leg drop-landing task in active sports participants with long-standing groin pain compared to healthy matched controls. DESIGN: This was a descriptive study incorporating a cross-sectional design. SETTING: The study was conducted at the Unit for Human Movement Analysis, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. PARTICIPANTS: The study sample was comprised of 20 male club level soccer, rugby, running and cycling participants between the ages of 18 and 55 years. Ten cases with long-standing groin pain and ten asymptomatic matched controls participated. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-dimensional pelvic and hip kinematics were captured with an optical motion capture system during a single-leg drop-landing task. RESULTS: Participants with groin pain landed with more downward lateral pelvic tilt (0.77°, p = 0.01, r = 0.35), hip abduction (2.05°, p < 0.001. r = 0.49), and hip external rotation (0.86°, p = 0.03, r = 0.29) at initial contact and more pelvic internal rotation (1.06°, p = 0.02, r = 0.30) at lowest vertical position than the healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: Sports participants with long-standing groin pain have altered pelvic and hip kinematics during single-leg drop-landing compared to healthy controls. The kinematic differences may contribute towards the persistent nature of groin pain, although these strategies may also be present as a result of the presence or the expectation of pain.

Correlating imaging and histopathology of an odontogenic keratocyst in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.

We present the correlative diagnostic imaging and histological findings in a case of multiple odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) associated with the Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome (NBCC). Whilst CT displayed aspects of bone morphology not visible on the plain films, contrast-enhanced MR provided the essential macropathological detail, including focal wall-enhancement and iso-intense intraluminal soft-tissue masses which correlated with the histological findings of focal inflammatory ulceration of the cyst lining, orthokeratosis and cell debris. The features identified by these combined imaging techniques are helpful in distinguishing the OKC from other cysts or neoplastic lesions and can therefore alter surgical management.

Rhodanese from Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkey) liver. I. Purification and some physical characteristics.

Rhodanese (thiosulphate sulphurtransferase , EC 2.8.1.1.) from Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkey) liver has been isolated and purified by means of extraction, ammoniumsulphate and pH fractionation, anion-exchange chromatography, Sephacryl S-300 gel chromatography and cation-exchange chromatography. A yield of about 10% pure enzyme with a specific activity of 242 U/mg protein corresponding to a purification factor of 523 was obtained. The enzyme was physically characterized and its homogeneity determined by electrophoretic studies and gel chromatography. The rhodanese enzyme has a molecular weight of 37,000 daltons, a D020 ,w value of 7.6 X 10(-7) cm2 sec-1, a Stokes radius (molecular size) of 2.75 X 10(-7) cm and a frictional ratio of 1.071.

Rhodanese from Cercopithecus aethiops (vervet monkey) liver. II. Aspects of enzyme kinetics and mechanism of action.

Initial velocity kinetic studies were undertaken and certain kinetic parameters ( KmSSO2 -3 = 3.1 X 10(-3) M and Vmax = 153.85 U/ml/min.) were determined and the mechanism identified as a ping-pong (double displacement) mechanism. Competitive inhibition of rhodanese by both substrates, viz. thiosulphate and cyanide, provides additional evidence of Ping-Pong Bi-Bi mechanism for this transferase.