Relevance of Target-Organ Lesions as Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus / Relevância de Lesões em Órgãos-Alvo como Preditores de Mortalidade em Pacientes com Diabetes

Background: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. Objective: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. Results: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. .

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil, acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basal e aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade e determinação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC). Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervalo QTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores, além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidade cardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTc longo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5; IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017). Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de ...

Relevance of target-organ lesions as predictors of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. RESULTS: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes.

Relevância de lesões em orgãos-alvo como preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes / Relevance of target-organ lesions as predictors of mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais.Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil,acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basale aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade edeterminação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC).Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares).A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervaloQTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores,além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidadecardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio(HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTclongo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002).A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5;IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo(HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017).Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de órgãos-alvo, forampreditores de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2.

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method using solid phase extraction for the simultaneous determination of plasma concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilate in hypertensive patients treated with different pharmaceutical formulations.

UNLABELLED: Enalapril maleate, available on the market in a variety of different pharmaceutical formulations, is commonly used for the control of systemic arterial hypertension. Many therapeutical failures have been reported thus far in clinical practice with respect to switching between different pharmaceutical formulations of the same product during pharmacological therapy. In the present study, plasma concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilate were measured in hypertensive patients undergoing treatment with different pharmaceutical formulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pharmaceutical formulations studied included the reference brand product, a generic formulation, and a third drug product marketed as "similar"; plasma samples were obtained from 30 hypertensive volunteer patients. Drug was extracted from the plasma by solid phase extraction and determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated for the main analytical parameters. RESULTS: The analytical method developed in this study, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was confirmed as suitable for application in the determination of plasma concentrations in patients and subsequently revealed statistically significant differences in plasma concentrations between the 3 treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: Such differences reinforce the hypothesis that the bioequivalence tests currently proposed by the regulatory authorities to promote interchangeability between pharmaceutical formulations may not in fact represent a definitive parameter for guaranteeing similar plasma concentrations.

Hipertenso diabético: diretrizes de atuações e suas dificuldades / Hypertensive diabetic patients: guidelines for conduct and their difficulties

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of blood pressure (BP) control and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes mellitus in a referral service for the treatment of hypertension. METHODS: A retrospective study where diabetic patients (at least 2 fasting glucose levels above 126 mg/dL, use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin, or both of these) were included. They were evaluated at the first appointment (M1) and at the last appointment (M2), regarding blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), use of hypertensive drugs, glycemia, total cholesterol (TC), creatinine, and potassium. RESULTS: Of 1,032 patients studied, 146 patients with a mean age of 61.6 years had diabetes, and 27 were men (18.5 percent). Mean follow-up was 5.5 years. BP values were 161.6 x 99.9 mmHg in M1 and 146.3 x 89.5 mmHg in M2. In M1, 10.4 percent of the patients did not use medications, 50.6 percent used just 1 drug, 30.8 percent used 2 drugs, and 8.2 percent used 3 or more drugs. In M2, these values were 10.9 percent, 39 percent, 39.7 percent, and 10.4 percent, respectively. Diuretics were the most commonly used medication, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) were those drugs which presented greater increase when comparing M1 to M2 (24.6 percent and 41.7 percent, respectively). Only 17,1 percent reached the recommended goal (BP<130x85 mmhg). The other cardiovascular risk factors did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Our data reinforce the necessity of a more aggressive approach in the treatment of these patients, despite the social and economic difficulties in adhering to treatment