Cytology of synovial fluid.

Examination of synovial fluid from swollen and painful joints can contribute substantially to the diagnosis of joint diseases. After a skillful arthrocentesis the sample processing must follow swiftly, because the synovial fluid can not be effectively fixed due to its viscosity. The viscosity test and cellularity assessment with particular reference to the neutrophilic granulocyte fraction, as well as the examination of the native preparation in polarized light, are some specific steps in the processing of these samples. Diagnostic images include traumaticinfectiousand autoimmune arthritides, arthropaties associated with crystals and, least often, with tumors. Conclusion: The cytological examination of synovial fluid has its own pre-analytical and analytical characteristics. Respecting and supplementing them with nonmorphological examinations can significantly contribute to the successful treatment of pathological joint conditions.

Hormonal cytology.

The spectrum of hormonal disorders of children and adolescents is broad. It reflects some current features of the advancing lifestyle and health of the population: thelarche praecox and accelerated development in young girls - early menarche, dysfunctional juvenile metrorrhagia, eating disorders - anorexia-bulimia, obesity increase, extreme sports load, autoimmune disorders, central and peripheral endocrine disorders, and others. Many of these conditions can be favorably influenced by professional lifestyle adjustments and fine hormonal medication with simultaneous monitoring of the adjusting cytogram. Our experience is based on twelve years of close collaboration between clinical gynecologists and cytopathologists. We investigated more than 2500 patients, many of them repeatedly. Upon detection of the primary disorder, the results of treatment are monitored by repeated cytological examinations, which in most patients progressively normalize the hormone status and restore reproductive health. The article provides an overview of basic physiological and most common pathological images of hormonal cytology with illustrative case reports. It also describes the usual formulation of a cytological report. Cytological examinations of the fornix vaginal epithelium are noninvasive, economically feasible and easily repeatable, which still have a place in childhood gynecological practice. They contribute to reproductive health by identifying the need and type of hormonal treatment, monitoring the treatment of menstrual cycle disorders and eliminating or identifying the need for a more detailed examination of steroid metabolism.

Cytology of Ovarian cysts.

Ovarian cysts are often found in both the clinically predicted and the unexpected context at the current level of imaging techniques. The cytological examination of the transvaginally obtained cystic fluid can help to diagnose the nature of the cystic lesion via identification the lining structures. It is essential to distinguish functional cysts (follicular, corpusluteal) and implantation (inclusion and endometrial) from tumour cysts (dermoid, epithelial ovarian tumours, cystic metastases). A part of the cystic lesions remains unspecified for the absence of the defining structures after the cytological examination. Nevertheless, for its minimal invasiveness, high negative predictive value proven, and the possibility of contributing to diagnosis of selected patients (frequently with contraindications for larger diagnostic procedures), this investigation maintains its position in collaboration of a clinical specialist and a pathologist.