The Role of Psychologists in Sport Medicine Practice.

Young athletes face a unique set of stressors from nonathletes that require careful screening and management. Internalizing disorders, substance use, overtraining, eating disorders, the female athlete triad, and sport-related injury are some psychological issues related to sports participation. Young athletes experiencing these conditions may experience functional impairment and distress on and off the field and management of these concerns includes routine screening and intervention. Embedding a psychologist within a pediatric sports medicine clinic improves patients' access to psychological screenings, early identification, and early intervention for these concerns athletes face.

Education Case: Hereditary Thrombophilia With Double Heterozygous Factor V Leiden and Factor II c.*97G>A Mutations.

The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies: Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1.

Paraneoplastic leukemoid reactions induced by cytokine-secreting tumours.

Paraneoplastic leukemoid reaction (PLR) is the extreme leukocytosis that occurs due to a non-haematolymphoid cytokine-secreting tumour (CST) in the absence of bone marrow infiltration by that solid tumour. The clinical presentation is widely variable, and therefore challenging. If the underlying malignancy is not clinically apparent, PLR could be mistaken for myeloproliferative neoplasms, altering the patient's management. CSTs are highly aggressive tumours associated with a poor prognosis due to multiple mechanisms. Localising and treating the underlying malignancy is the mainstay of treatment. Both the treating clinician and the pathologist should keep a high level of suspicion for this entity in patients having unexplained leukocytosis. We herein discuss the underlying mechanisms, clinical presentation, pathological features, differential diagnosis and prognosis of this rare entity. An emphasis on the role of the pathologist is provided since the lack of knowledge on this entity can lead to dramatic effects on the patient, including unnecessary diagnostic testing and treatments.

Case of a Large Pedunculated Biliary Cholesterol Polyp With Osseous Metaplasia.

Cholesterol polyps are the most common benign gallbladder polyps and are usually seen in a background of cholesterolosis. Rarely, they can harbor foci of osseous metaplasia, which is an event of uncertain clinical significance that might be confused with cholelithiasis clinically or radiologically. Herein we report the case of a 78-year-old female with a 1.8-cm pedunculated polyp arising in the gallbladder body. Histologic examination showed microscopic foci of osseous metaplasia, characterized by heterotropic bone trabeculae rimmed by osteoblasts and surrounded by osteoclast giant cells. To the best of our knowledge, this case is the third case report of a cholesterol polyp with osseous metaplasia in the English literature. We also review the relative pathogenesis, clinical and pathologic findings, and previous reports.

Clinicopathologic Features of Translocation Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Translocation renal cell carcinomas (TFE3 RCC) are associated with variable genetic rearrangements of the TFE3 gene on chromosome Xp11.2. Translocation tumors represent 1% to 5% of all cases of RCC, with the greatest frequency among children and young adults. We sought to characterize the clinicopathologic features of translocation RCC at a Middle Eastern institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The clinical and pathologic data from a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 14 patients with translocation RCC had been diagnosed from 2005 to 2014. The outcome measures included patient characteristics, clinical manifestations, pathologic features, treatment outcomes, cancer-specific survival, and progression-free survival. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 35 years. Of the 14 patients, 5 were female. Translocation RCC was an incidental diagnosis for all but 2 of the 14 patients. The mean tumor size was 9 cm; 1 patient had bilateral tumors, and 3 presented with positive lymph nodes. Three patients underwent partial nephrectomy. Three patients had developed metastasis at 4 months, 5 months, and 3 years after diagnosis. One patent had died 4 months after surgery and one had died 21 months after surgery (both of metastases). The disease-free survival rate was 71% at a mean follow-up of 31 months. CONCLUSION: Translocation RCC is a rare and potentially aggressive subtype of kidney cancer. An overall survival of > 3 years has been noted, unless metastasis is present at diagnosis.

Clinico-pathological outcomes of post- primary and salvage chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for mixed germ cell tumors, King Hussein Cancer Center experience.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize clinical and pathologic outcomes of advanced mixed germ cell tumors after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection for post-chemotherapy residual masses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between January 2006 and November 2015, 56 patients underwent retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) for residual masses of greater than 1 cm after receiving either primary chemotherapy or salvage chemotherapy. Retrospective review of the patients' characteristics, clinical, pathological, and treatment outcomes were performed after institutional review board (IRB) and ethics committee approval. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 30 years. Ninety percent of the patients received 3-4 cycles of BEP (bleomycin/etoposide/cisplatin) as primary chemotherapy, and 29% of them salvage chemotherapy prior to lymph node dissection. The mean size of the residual masses after chemotherapy was 6 cm. The histological findings were necrosis in 30%, viable tumor in 34% and teratoma in 36% of the retroperitoneal masses. The mean time to relapse after RPLND was 11 months, out of 9 relapses, 6 were in the retroperitoneum, 1 in the lung and 1 in the kidney and 1 in the contralateral testicle. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated higher incidence of viable germ cell tumor in the retroperitoneal residual masses after primary and salvage chemotherapy when compared with previously reported global incidence rates.