Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Systolic Dysfunction: Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes / Ablação da Fibrilação Atrial na Disfunção Sistólica: Evolução Clínica e Ecocardiográfica

Background: Heart failure and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist in a deleterious cycle. Objective: To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction and AF treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Methods: Patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF) <50%] and AF refractory to drug therapy underwent stepwise RF ablation in the same session with pulmonary vein isolation, ablation of AF nests and of residual atrial tachycardia, named "background tachycardia". Clinical (NYHA functional class) and echocardiographic (EF, left atrial diameter) data were compared (McNemar test and t test) before and after ablation. Results: 31 patients (6 women, 25 men), aged 37 to 77 years (mean, 59.8±10.6), underwent RF ablation. The etiology was mainly idiopathic (19 p, 61%). During a mean follow-up of 20.3±17 months, 24 patients (77%) were in sinus rhythm, 11 (35%) being on amiodarone. Eight patients (26%) underwent more than one procedure (6 underwent 2 procedures, and 2 underwent 3 procedures). Significant NYHA functional class improvement was observed (pre-ablation: 2.23±0.56; postablation: 1.13±0.35; p<0.0001). The echocardiographic outcome also showed significant ventricular function improvement (EF pre: 44.68%±6.02%, post: 59%±13.2%, p=0.0005) and a significant left atrial diameter reduction (pre: 46.61±7.3 mm; post: 43.59±6.6 mm; p=0.026). No major complications occurred. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that AF ablation in patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction is a safe and highly effective procedure. Arrhythmia control has a great impact on ventricular function recovery and functional class improvement. .

Fundamento: Insuficiência cardíaca e fibrilação atrial (FA) frequentemente coexistem em um ciclo deletério. Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução clínica e ecocardiográfica de portadores de disfunção ventricular e FA tratados com ablação por radiofrequência (RF). Métodos: Portadores de disfunção sistólica [fração de ejeção (FE) < 50%] e FA rebelde a tratamento clínico foram submetidos à ablação por RF escalonada em três etapas na mesma sessão com isolamento das veias pulmonares, ablação dos ninhos de FA, pesquisa e ablação de taquicardias atriais e "taquicardia de background". Os dados clínicos (classe funcional da NYHA) e ecocardiográficos (FE; diâmetro do átrio esquerdo) pré- e pós-procedimento foram comparados (teste de McNemar e teste t, respectivamente). Resultados: 31 pacientes (6 mulheres, 25 homens) de 37 a 77 anos (média, 59,8 ± 11 anos) foram submetidos à ablação por RF. A cardiopatia foi predominantemente idiopática (19 p; 61%). Na evolução média de 20,3 ± 17 meses, 24 pacientes (77%) estavam em ritmo sinusal, sendo 11 (35%) com amiodarona. Oito pacientes (26%) foram submetidos a mais de um procedimento (6 submetidos a 2 procedimentos e 2 a 3 procedimentos). Observou-se melhora expressiva da classe funcional da NYHA (pré-ablação: 2,23 ± 0,56; pós: 1,13 ± 0,35; p < 0,0001). A avaliação ecocardiográfica evolutiva também mostrou melhora significativa da função ventricular (FE pré: 44,68% ± 6,02%; pós: 59% ± 13,2%; p = 0,0005) e redução significativa no diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (pré: 46,61 ± 7,3 mm; pós: 43,59 ± 6,6 mm; p = 0,026). Não ocorreram complicações maiores. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que ablação de FA em portadores de disfunção ventricular seja um procedimento seguro e com eficácia elevada a médio prazo. O controle da arritmia tem grande impacto na recuperação da função ventricular e na melhora clínica avaliada pela classe funcional. .

Atrial fibrillation ablation in systolic dysfunction: clinical and echocardiographic outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist in a deleterious cycle. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction and AF treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation. METHODS: Patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF) <50%] and AF refractory to drug therapy underwent stepwise RF ablation in the same session with pulmonary vein isolation, ablation of AF nests and of residual atrial tachycardia, named "background tachycardia". Clinical (NYHA functional class) and echocardiographic (EF, left atrial diameter) data were compared (McNemar test and t test) before and after ablation. RESULTS: 31 patients (6 women, 25 men), aged 37 to 77 years (mean, 59.8 ± 10.6), underwent RF ablation. The etiology was mainly idiopathic (19 p, 61%). During a mean follow-up of 20.3 ± 17 months, 24 patients (77%) were in sinus rhythm, 11 (35%) being on amiodarone. Eight patients (26%) underwent more than one procedure (6 underwent 2 procedures, and 2 underwent 3 procedures). Significant NYHA functional class improvement was observed (pre-ablation: 2.23 ± 0.56; postablation: 1.13 ± 0.35; p < 0.0001). The echocardiographic outcome also showed significant ventricular function improvement (EF pre: 44.68% ± 6.02%, post: 59% ± 13.2%, p = 0.0005) and a significant left atrial diameter reduction (pre: 46.61 ± 7.3 mm; post: 43.59 ± 6.6 mm; p = 0.026). No major complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that AF ablation in patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction is a safe and highly effective procedure. Arrhythmia control has a great impact on ventricular function recovery and functional class improvement.

In vitro assessment of the Apico Aortic Blood Pump: anatomical positioning, hydrodynamic performance, hemolysis studies, and analysis in a hybrid cardiovascular simulator.

The Apico Aortic Blood Pump (AABP) is a centrifugal continuous flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) with ceramic bearings. The device is in the initial development phase and is being designed to be attached directly to the left ventricular apex by introducing an inlet cannula. This paper reports results from in vitro experiments. In order to evaluate implantation procedures and device dimensioning, in vitro experiments included an anatomic positioning study for the analysis of surgical implantation procedure and device dimensions and positioning that was performed using the body of a pig. The results revealed no damage caused by the device, and the surgical implantation procedure was considered feasible. Hydrodynamic performance curves were obtained to verify the applicability of the device as an LVAD, showing adequate performance. Mechanical blood trauma was analyzed through 6-h hemolysis tests, with total pressure head of 100 mm Hg and flow of 5 L/min. Mean normalized index of hemolysis was 0.009 g/100 L (±0.002 g/100 L). Studies using a hybrid cardiovascular simulator were conducted for three types of circulatory conditions: normal healthy conditions, concentric hypertrophic heart failure (CHHF), and CHHF with AABP assistance. Analysis of cardiovascular parameters under those three conditions demonstrated that when the AABP was assisting the system, parameters under CHHF conditions went back to normal healthy values, indicating the AABP's effectiveness as CHHF therapy. Our preliminary results indicate that it is feasible to use the AABP as a LVAD. The next steps include long-term in vivo experiments.

In vitro assessment of the apico aortic blood pump: anatomical positioning, hydrodynamic performance, hemolysis studies, and analysis in a hybrid cardiovascular simulator

Abstract: The Apico Aortic Blood Pump (AABP) is acentrifugal continuous flow left ventricular assist device(LVAD) with ceramic bearings. The device is in the initialdevelopment phase and is being designed to be attacheddirectly to the left ventricular apex by introducing an inletcannula. This paper reports results from in vitro experiments.In order to evaluate implantation procedures anddevice dimensioning, in vitro experiments included an anatomicpositioning study for the analysis of surgical implantationprocedure and device dimensions and positioningthat was performed using the body of a pig. The resultsrevealed no damage caused by the device, and the surgicalimplantation procedure was considered feasible. Hydrodynamicperformance curves were obtained to verify theapplicability of the device as an LVAD, showing adequateperformance. Mechanical blood trauma was analyzedthrough 6-h hemolysis tests, with total pressure head of100 mm Hg and flow of 5 L/min. Mean normalized index ofhemolysis was 0.009 g/100 L (±0.002 g/100 L).Studies usinga hybrid cardiovascular simulator were conducted for threetypes of circulatory conditions: normal healthy conditions,concentric hypertrophic heart failure (CHHF), and CHHFwith AABP assistance. Analysis of cardiovascular parametersunder those three conditions demonstrated that whenthe AABP was assisting the system, parameters underCHHF conditions went back to normal healthy values, indicatingthe AABP’s effectiveness as CHHF therapy. Ourpreliminary results indicate that it is feasible to use theAABP as a LVAD. The next steps include long-term invivo experiments.

Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment in the last years, the morbidity and mortality are still high. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, in-hospital evolution and prognosis of patients that presented sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective study that included patients (n = 7,332) submitted to cardiac surgery (valvular or coronary) between January 1995 and December 2007. The classic criteria of sepsis diagnosis were used to identify the patients that developed such condition and the preoperative comorbidities, in-hospital evolution and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Sepsis occurred in 29 patients (prevalence = 0.39%). There was a predominance of the male when compared to the female sex (79% vs. 21%). Mean age was 69 +/- 6.5 years. The main preoperative comorbidities were: systemic arterial hypertension (79%), dyslipidemia (48%) and family history of coronary artery disease (38%). The mean Apache score was 18 +/- 7, whereas the Sofa score was 14.2 +/- 3.8. The primary infectious focus was pulmonary in 19 patients (55%). There were 19 positive cultures and the mean IV hydration during the first 24 hours was 1,016 +/- 803 ml. The main complications were acute renal failure (65%), low cardiac output syndrome (55%) and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55%). Mortality was 79% (23 patients). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of sepsis after cardiac surgery was a rare event; however, its occurrence showed catastrophic clinical outcomes. The high morbidity and mortality showed the need to improve treatment, aiming at patients' better clinical evolution.

Fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio: da prevenção à morbimortalidade: registro de mundo real / Atrial fibrillation in the postoperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting: from prevention to morbidity and mortality: real world registry

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A prevalência de fibrilação atrial (FA) no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) varia de 20% a 40%. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de FA sintomática após CRM e descrever o perfil clínico e a evolução hospitalar dos pacientes com essa arritmia.MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte, longitudinal, observacional, retrospectivo, descritivo realizado a partir de informações de um registro de mundo real de 5.330 pacientes, submetidos à CRM eletiva no período de janeiro de 1995 a abril de 2009. Avaliaram-se a prevalência de FA sintomática no pós-operatório de CRM, o perfil clínico e a evolução hospitalar dos pacientes.RESULTADOS: A prevalência de FA sintomática no pós-operatório foi 6,3% (493), sendo 78% do sexo masculino, e 22% do sexo feminino. A idade média foi 68 ± 9 anos. As principais comorbidades pré-operatórias foram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (76%), dislipidemia (51%), infarto do miocárdio prévio (40%), tabagismo (35%), diabetes mellitus (32%), CRM prévia (18%), intervenção coronariana percutânea prévia (12%). As principais complicações hospitalares observadas foram: insuficiência cardíaca (13%), ventilação mecânica prolongada (12%), insuficiência renal aguda (11%), acidente vascular encefálico (9,3%), infarto agudo do miocárdio (5,5%), sangramento aumentado (4%). O tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva foi 16 ± 15 dias e a mortalidade hospitalar de 6%.CONCLUSÃO: Na população estudada a prevalência de FA foi menor do que a referida classicamente na literatura. Os pacientes com FA eram idosos, a maioria do sexo masculino, hipertensos e dislipidêmicos. A mortalidade hospitalar foi elevada, sugerindo ser esse um subgrupo de maior risco.(AU)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in postoperative period of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) ranges between 20% and 40%. AF increases morbidity and mortality after CABG. This objective of study to evaluate the prevalence of symptomatic AF in postoperative period of CABG, and describe the demographic data, morbidity and mortality of patients who presented this type of arrhythmia.METHOD: This is observational cohort study, which was made from information of our institutional registry of AF after CABG. This registry have enrolled 5,330 patients underwent CABG between January 1995 and April 2009. We evaluate the in-hospitalar prevalence of symptomatic AF, demographic data, morbidity and mortality of the patients.RESULTS: The inhospital prevalence of symptomatic atrial fibrillation was 6.3% (493 patients). There were more men (78%) than women (22%) and the mean age was 68 ± 9 years. The analysis of demographic data showed: high blood pressure (76%), dyslipidemia (51%), previous myocardium infarction (40%), smoking (35%), diabetes mellitus (32%), previous CABG (18%), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (12%). The most common adverse events were: heart failure (13%), prolonged mechanical ventilation (12%), acute renal failure (11%), stroke (9.3%), acute myocardial infarction (5.5%), and increased bleeding (4%). The mean time at intensive care unit was 16 ± 15 days. The inhospital mortality was 6%.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation inhospital period of CABG was low and less than the classical data of literature. Patients who presented AF were male, older, with systemic arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.(AU)

Sepse no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca: descrição do problema / Sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery: problem description

FUNDAMENTOS: A despeito do avanço no diagnóstico e na terapêutica da sepse nos últimos anos, a morbidade e mortalidade são elevadas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência, a evolução hospitalar e o prognóstico de pacientes que apresentaram sepse no pós- operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um registro prospectivo que incluiu pacientes (n = 7.332) submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca (valvar ou coronariana) entre janeiro de 1995 e dezembro de 2007. Utilizamos os critérios clássicos de diagnóstico de sepse para identificar os pacientes que evoluíram com tal enfermidade e avaliamos as comorbidades pré-operatórias, a evolução hospitalar e o prognóstico. RESULTADOS: A sepse ocorreu em 29 pacientes (prevalência = 0,39 por cento). O sexo masculino predominou sobre o feminino (79 por cento vs. 21 por cento). A idade média foi de 69 ± 6,5 anos. As principais comorbidades pré-operatórias eram: hipertensão arterial sistêmica (79 por cento), dislipidemia (48 por cento) e antecedente familiar de doença arterial coronariana (38 por cento). O índice Apache médio foi de 18 ± 7, enquanto o Sofa indicou 14,2 ± 3,8. O foco infeccioso primário foi pulmonar em 19 pacientes (55 por cento). Houve 19 culturas positivas, e a média de hidratação endovenosa nas primeiras 24 horas foi de 1.016 ± 803 ml. As principais complicações foram: insuficiência renal aguda (65 por cento), síndrome de baixo débito cardíaco (55 por cento) e arritmia ventricular maligna (55 por cento). A mortalidade foi de 79 por cento (23 pacientes). CONCLUSÃO: A sepse após cirurgia cardíaca foi um evento raro, porém com desfechos clínicos catastróficos. O índice elevado de morbidade e mortalidade revelou a necessidade de um aprimoramento no tratamento, visando melhorar a evolução clínica dos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: In spite of the advances in sepsis diagnosis and treatment in the last years, the morbidity and mortality are still high. OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence, in-hospital evolution and prognosis of patients that presented sepsis in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a prospective study that included patients (n = 7,332) submitted to cardiac surgery (valvular or coronary) between January 1995 and December 2007. The classic criteria of sepsis diagnosis were used to identify the patients that developed such condition and the preoperative comorbidities, in-hospital evolution and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS: Sepsis occurred in 29 patients (prevalence = 0.39 percent). There was a predominance of the male when compared to the female sex (79 percent vs. 21 percent). Mean age was 69 ± 6.5 years. The main preoperative comorbidities were: systemic arterial hypertension (79 percent), dyslipidemia (48 percent) and family history of coronary artery disease (38 percent). The mean Apache score was 18 ± 7, whereas the Sofa score was 14.2 ± 3.8. The primary infectious focus was pulmonary in 19 patients (55 percent). There were 19 positive cultures and the mean IV hydration during the first 24 hours was 1,016 ± 803 ml. The main complications were acute renal failure (65 percent), low cardiac output syndrome (55 percent) and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (55 percent). Mortality was 79 percent (23 patients). CONCLUSION: The occurrence of sepsis after cardiac surgery was a rare event; however, its occurrence showed catastrophic clinical outcomes. The high morbidity and mortality showed the need to improve treatment, aiming at patients' better clinical evolution.

Risk factors for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a feared complication after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), with an incidence between 1.3 and 4.3%. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictive factors for stroke after CABG in the modern era of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a case-control study of 65 pairs of patients, paired by sex, age (+ 3 years) and date of CABG (+ 3 months). The cases were patients submitted to elective CABG with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) that presented stroke (defined as clinical neurological deficit up to 24 hours post-operatively and confirmed by imaging assessment) and the controls were those individuals submitted to elective CABG with ECC, but without stroke. RESULTS: The univariate analysis demonstrated that the number of revascularized vessels was associated with the occurrence of stroke after the CABG (3 +/- 0.8 vs. 2.76 +/- 0.8, p = 0.01). The multivariate analysis by conditional logistic regression showed that systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) [OR: 6.1 (1.5 - 24), p = 0.009] and diabetes mellitus (DM) [OR: 3.1 (1.09 - 11), p= 0.03] were the determinants of the highest chance of stroke after CABG, whereas acute myocardial infarction (AMI) > 1 month, was the determinant of the lowest chance of stroke [OR: 0.1 (0.03 - 0.36), p = 0.003]. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were identified as independent predictors of stroke within the first 24 postoperative hours after CABG. In patients with such risk factors, it is possible that the knowledge of the causal mechanisms of brain injury represents a strategy capable of decreasing the incidence of stroke after CABG.

Fatores de risco para acidente vascular encefálico após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio / Risk factors for stroke after coronary artery bypass grafting

FUNDAMENTO: O acidente vascular encefálico (AVE) é uma temida complicação após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM), com incidência entre 1,3 por cento e 4,3 por cento. OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores preditores de AVE após CRM, na era moderna da cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODOS: Este é um estudo caso-controle de 65 pares de pacientes, no qual o pareamento foi realizado por sexo, idade (+ 3 anos) e data da CRM (+ 3 meses). Os casos são pacientes submetidos à CRM eletiva com circulação extracorpórea (CEC), que apresentaram AVE (definido como déficit clínico neurológico até 24 horas de pós-operatório e confirmado por exame de imagem), e os controles aqueles submetidos à CRM eletiva com CEC sem AVE. RESULTADOS: A análise univariada revelou que o número de vasos revascularizados foi associado com a ocorrência de AVE após a CRM (3 ± 0,8 vs. 2,76 ± 0,8, p = 0,01). Na análise multivariada por regressão logística condicional, a hipertensão arterial sistêmica [OR: 6,1 (1,5 - 24), p = 0,009] e o diabete melito [OR: 3,1 (1,09 - 11), p= 0,03] foram determinantes de maior chance de AVE após CRM, e o infarto agudo do miocárdio > 1 mês determinante de menor chance [OR: 0,1 (0,03 - 0,36), p = 0,003]. CONCLUSÃO: Hipertensão e diabete melito foram identificados como preditores independentes de AVE nas primeiras 24 horas de pós-operatório de CRM. Em pacientes com tais fatores de risco, é possível que o conhecimento dos mecanismos causadores da injúria cerebral represente uma estratégia capaz de diminuir a incidência de AVE após CRM.

BACKGROUND: Stroke is a feared complication after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), with an incidence between 1.3 and 4.3 percent. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictive factors for stroke after CABG in the modern era of cardiac surgery. METHODS: This is a case-control study of 65 pairs of patients, paired by sex, age (+ 3 years) and date of CABG (+ 3 months). The cases were patients submitted to elective CABG with extracorporeal circulation (ECC) that presented stroke (defined as clinical neurological deficit up to 24 hours post-operatively and confirmed by imaging assessment) and the controls were those individuals submitted to elective CABG with ECC, but without stroke. RESULTS: The univariate analysis demonstrated that the number of revascularized vessels was associated with the occurrence of stroke after the CABG (3 ± 0.8 vs. 2.76 ± 0.8, p = 0.01). The multivariate analysis by conditional logistic regression showed that systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) [OR: 6.1 (1.5 - 24), p = 0.009] and diabete mellitus (DM) [OR: 3.1 (1.09 - 11), p= 0.03] were the determinants of the highest chance of stroke after CABG, whereas acute myocardial infarction (AMI) > 1 month, was the determinant of the lowest chance of stroke [OR: 0.1 (0.03 - 0.36), p = 0.003]. CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabete mellitus were identified as independent predictors of stroke within the first 24 postoperative hours after CABG. In patients with such risk factors, it is possible that the knowledge of the causal mechanisms of brain injury represents a strategy capable of decreasing the incidence of stroke after CABG.

Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after Jatene operation for transposition of great arteries.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7% of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9%) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9%; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Prevalência e abordagem cirúrgica da estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de jatene para transposição das grandes artérias / Prevalence and surgical approach of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis after jatene operation for transposition of great arteries

FUNDAMENTO: A transposição das grandes artérias é a cardiopatia congênita cianogênica mais freqüente no período neonatal, correspondendo a 7 por cento de todas as cardiopatias congênitas. Dentre as operações para tratamento cirúrgico, a operação de Jatene, com correção arterial, é o tratamento escolhido. Durante a evolução pós-operatória tardia, alguns problemas foram observados, sendo o mais comum a ocorrência de estenose supravalvar na neopulmonar, independentemente do tipo da técnica cirúrgica utilizada. OBJETIVO: Estudar e analisar a prevalência da estenose, bem como descrever o tratamento cirúrgico e propor manobras técnicas para prevenir seu aparecimento. MÉTODOS: Dentre 553 pacientes operados, 409 tiveram alta hospitalar e 281 seguidos tardiamente; 59 (20,9 por cento) apresentaram diferentes graus de estenose supravalvar pulmonar e 21 gradiente médio superior a 60 mmHg, necessitando tratamento cirúrgico. Dependendo da localização e da anatomia da estenose, o tratamento cirúrgico constou de aplicação de diferentes técnicas, como ampliação das áreas de estenose com remendos de pericárdio bovino, ressecção de áreas estenóticas e anastomose término-terminal, substituição de remendos retraídos e de tubos sintéticos. RESULTADOS: Houve boa evolução em 20 pacientes, com óbito em um dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que a estenose supravalvar pulmonar pós-operação de Jatene para transposição das grandes artérias teve prevalência de 20,9 por cento. Uma vez identificada e com indicação de tratamento, pode ser tratada cirurgicamente com baixa mortalidade, mediante diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas. Para prevenir a ocorrência de estenose, propõem-se ampla dissecção e liberação dos ramos pulmonares, anastomoses amplas, remendos amplos de pericárdio autólogo e cuidado na reconstrução da neoaorta, evitando compressão da neopulmonar.

BACKGROUND: The Transposition of the Great Arteries is the most frequent congenital cyanogenic cardiopathy in the neonatal period, corresponding to 7 percent of all congenital cardiopathies. Among the operations for surgical treatment, the Jatene operation, with arterial correction, is the treatment of choice. During the late postoperative evolution, some problems were observed, with the most common being the occurrence of supravalvular stenosis at the neopulmonary, regardless of the type of surgical technique used. OBJECTIVE: To study and analyze the prevalence of stenosis, as well as describe the surgical treatment and propose technical maneuvers to prevent its onset. METHODS: Of the 553 patients that underwent surgery, 409 were discharged from the hospital and 281 had late follow-up; 59 (20.9 percent) presented different degrees of supravalvular pulmonary stenosis and 21 had a mean gradient > 60 mmHg, needing surgical treatment. Depending on the location and anatomy of the stenosis, the surgical treatment consisted of the use of different techniques, such as the enlargement of stenosis areas with bovine pericardium patches, resection of stenotic areas and termino-terminal anastomosis, replacement of retracted patches and synthetic tubes. RESULTS: Twenty patients presented good evolution and only one patient died. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that the supravalvular pulmonary stenosis, post-Jatene operation for Transposition of Great Arteries, had a prevalence of 20.9 percent; once identified and with indication for treatment, it can be treated surgically with low mortality levels, through different surgical techniques; to prevent the occurrence of stenosis, ample dissection and release of the pulmonary branches, double anastomoses, large patches of autologous pericardium and careful reconstruction of the aorta are proposed, which prevents the compression of the neopulmonary.

Financiamento da Saúde / Health Financing

O capítulo "Financiamento da Saúde" tem sido, muitas vezes, abordado de forma inadequada, partindo-se do pressuposto de que as deficiências do setor são predominantemente de gestão. Pessoas com representatividade, do próprio setor, chegam a afirmar que o principal problema reside na forma como os recursos são administrados .Este enfoque parece desconhecer o que ocorreu nos últimos 60 anos, e que transformou radicalmente o país. Eu sou testemunha e partícipe dessas transformações, já que ingressei na Faculdade de Medicina da USP em 1948. Nesses últimos 60 anos ocorreram alterações importantes no país, que impactaram fortemente o setor saúde.Nesse período enfrentamos modificações demográficas, epidemiológicas, ecológicas e tecnológicas, com profundas repercussões em todas as áreas, particularmente, na da saúde.

Coronary artery bypass grafting using both internal mammary arteries in patients with diabetes mellitus.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the use of both internal mammary arteries (IMA) in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). METHOD: Between January of 1995 to August of 2005, 4.569 patients received isolated CABG in our institution, of these, 1.298 had DM. Mean sample age was 62 years, and total mortality was 2.18% (100 patients). We have used both IMA's in 700 patients, that here are split in two groups, with DM (group I, 148 patients), and without DM (group II, 552 patients). Patient selection for double IMA grafting was based on coronary artery anatomy and sternal bone quality, the later was evaluated during sternal transsection. When these two factors were considered favorable, we harvested both IMA's, not mattering if the patient had or had not DM. During IMA's harvest, care was taken not to open the pleural spaces. RESULTS: There was small difference between the two groups in terms of morbidity and mortality. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that patients with DM can benefit of double IMA's grafting, with little increase in risk for complications if its application is carefully indicated.

Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 +/- 8.4 versus 69.3 +/- 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9% versus 64.3%; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3% versus 85.7%; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17% versus 17%; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6% versus 28.6%; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% (12.2% versus 32.1%; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8% versus 17.9%; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5% versus 39.3%; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3% versus 35.7%; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.

Revascularização do miocárdio com emprego de ambas artérias mamárias internas em pacientes com diabetes mellitus / Coronary artery bypass grafting using both internal mammary arteries in patients with diabetes mellitus

Objetivo: Descrever a utilização de ambas artérias mamárias internas (MIs) em pacientes submetidos à operação de revascularização do miocárdio (RM), que sejam portadores de diabetes mellitus (DM)...

Fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio: características do perfil clínico associadas a óbitos hospitalares / Postoperative atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass graft: clinical factors associated with in-hospital death

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à maior chance de óbitos hospitalares em pacientes submetidos a revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio (RM), que tenham apresentado fibrilação atrial (FA) no pós-operatório. MÉTODOS: No período de 2000 a 2003, foi analisada uma série consecutiva de 397 pacientes submetidos a RM que desenvolveram FA no pós-operatório. Esses pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos (G), sendo o G1 formado pelos pacientes que sobreviveram (n=369) e o G2, por aqueles que faleceram na fase hospitalar (n=28). Foram realizados os testes t de Student e do qui-quadrado, sendo p significativo quando < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A análise comparativa entre o G1 e o G2 demonstrou não haver diferença entre os grupos quanto a idade (67,3 ± 8,4 anos vs 69,3 ± 9,6 anos; p = 0,4), sexo masculino (75,9 por cento vs 64,3 por cento; p = 0,1), hipertensão arterial sistêmica (75,3 por cento vs 85,7 por cento; p = 0,2) e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (17 por cento vs 17 por cento; p = 1). O G2 apresentou maiores taxas de infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio (14,6 por cento vs 28,6 por cento; p = 0,05), fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo < 40 por cento (12,2 por cento vs 32,1 por cento; p = 0,003), acidente vascular encefálico prévio (0,8 por cento vs 17,9 por cento; p = 0,03), intervenção coronariana percutânea prévia (19,5 por cento vs 39,3 por cento; p = 0,01), e revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio prévia (19,3 por cento vs 35,7 por cento; p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Antecedentes de infarto agudo do miocárdio, RM, intervenção coronariana percutânea, acidente vascular encefálico e déficit ventricular grave foram mais freqüentes no grupo que faleceu na fase hospitalar, sugerindo possível associação entre esses fatores e maior chance de óbito no pós-operatório de RM.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with a higher likelihood of in-hospital death in patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) who developed atrial fibrillation (AF) postoperatively. METHODS: The authors analyzed data from 397 consecutive patients submitted to CABG that developed AF postoperatively between 2000 and 2003. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (G1) comprised patients who survived (n=369); and group 2 (G2) comprised patients who died during hospital stay (n=28). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and chi-square test, and p values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: A comparative analysis between G1 and G2 showed that there was no difference between the groups as regards age (67.3 ± 8.4 versus 69.3 ± 9.6; p = 0.4), male gender (75.9 percent versus 64.3 percent; p = 0.1), systemic arterial hypertension (75.3 percent versus 85.7 percent; p = 0.2) and congestive heart failure (17 percent versus 17 percent; p = 1). Group 2 presented higher rates for previous acute myocardial infarction (14.6 percent versus 28.6 percent; p = 0.05), left ventricular ejection fraction < 40 percent (12.2 percent versus 32.1 percent; p = 0.003), previous cerebrovascular accident (0.8 percent versus 17.9 percent; p = 0.03), previous percutaneous coronary intervention (19.5 percent versus 39.3 percent; p = 0.01) and previous CABG (19.3 percent versus 35.7 percent; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Clinical history of acute myocardial infarction, CABG, percutaneous coronary intervention, cerebrovascular accident and severe ventricular dysfunction were significantly more frequent in the group that died during hospital stay, which suggests a possible association of these factors with a higher likelihood of death following CABG.

Prevalence and risk factors for combined coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CAD prevalence in patients with aortic aneurysm, as well as differences related to aneurysm topographies. To describe the primary risk factors for CAD related to this association and their occasional differences according to AA topographies. METHODS: This was an open, prospective, nonrandomized study that evaluated 95 patients (66 men and 33 women, mean age 63 +/- 11.8). All patients, asymptomatic for CAD, had undergone aortic CT and coronary angiography. According to the AA topography, they were classified into three groups: 1) patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA); 2) thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA); and 3) abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A database was created to store information from clinical data and complementary examinations. Statistical analysis was performed using the Students t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: CAD prevalence was 63.1%, and AAA was more prevalent than TAA and TAAA (76% vs. 70% vs. 30%, p = 0.001). The comparative analysis of CAD risk factors based on the aortic aneurysm topography revealed that smoking and dyslipidemia were more prevalent among AAA patients (74.5% vs. 42.3% vs. 60%, p = 0.01 and (54.2% vs. 19.9% vs. 60%, p = 0.007, respectively). As for coronary lesion severity in the population of AA patients, 12 (20%) had at least one lesion > or = 70% and 19 (31.6%), > or = 50%. Fifteen patients (25%) had single-vessel disease, 11 (18%) had two-vessel disease, and 34 (57%) had three-vessel disease. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic CAD is highly prevalent in AA patients, particularly among those with AAA. Study results suggest the need for diagnostic stratification for CAD in patients with AA, especially those with AAA.

Prevalência e fatores de risco na associação entre doença arterial coronariana e aneurisma de aorta / Prevalence and risk factors for combined coronary artery disease and aortic aneurysm

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) em portadores de aneurisma de aorta (AA), bem como as diferenças relacionadas às diferentes topografias. Descrever os principais fatores de risco para DAC relacionados a esta associação e suas eventuais diferenças de acordo com as diferentes topografias. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, aberto, não randomizado que avaliou 95 pacientes (62 homens, 33 mulheres, idade 63 ± 11,8 anos) com AA. Todos os pacientes, assintomáticos para DAC, possuíam tomografia computadorizada de aorta e angiografia coronariana. De acordo com a topografia do AA, eles foram divididos em três grupos: 1) pacientes com AA torácica (AAT); 2) com AA toracoabdominal (ATA) e 3) com AA abdominal (AAA). Foi criado um banco de dados com as informações clínicas e de exames complementares. A análise estatística realizada com o teste t de Student ou análise de variância (ANOVA) para as variáveis contínuas e qui-quadrado para as categóricas, sendo considerado p significante quando < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de DAC foi de 63,1 por cento, e o AAA apresentou maior prevalência quando comparado ao AAT e ATA (76 por cento vs. 70 por cento vs. 30 por cento, p = 0,001). A análise comparativa dos fatores de risco para DAC de acordo com a topografia do AA revelou que os pacientes com AAA eram mais tabagistas (74,5 por cento vs. 42,3 por cento vs. 60 por cento, p = 0,01) e dislipêmicos (54,2 por cento vs 19,9 por cento vs 60 por cento, p = 0,007). Quanto à gravidade das lesões coronarianas na população de pacientes com AA, 12 (20 por cento) possuíam pelo menos uma lesão coronariana > 70 por cento e 19 (31,6 por cento) > 50 por cento. Quinze pacientes (25 por cento) eram uniarteriais, 11 (18 por cento) biarteriais e 34 (57 por cento) triarteriais. CONCLUSÃO: Em portadores de AA a prevalência de DAC assintomática é elevada, principalmente naqueles com AAA. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem a necessidade de uma estratificação...

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CAD prevalence in patients with aortic aneurysm, as well as differences related to aneurysm topographies. To describe the primary risk factors for CAD related to this association and their occasional differences according to AA topographies. METHODS: This was an open, prospective, nonrandomized study that evaluated 95 patients (66 men and 33 women, mean age 63 ± 11.8). All patients, asymptomatic for CAD, had undergone aortic CT and coronary angiography. According to the AA topography, they were classified into three groups: 1) patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA); 2) thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA); and 3) abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). A database was created to store information from clinical data and complementary examinations. Statistical analysis was performed using the StudentÆs t test or analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: CAD prevalence was 63.1 percent, and AAA was more prevalent than TAA and TAAA (76 percent vs. 70 percent vs. 30 percent, p = 0.001). The comparative analysis of CAD risk factors based on the aortic aneurysm topography revealed that smoking and dyslipidemia were more prevalent among AAA patients (74.5 percent vs. 42.3 percent vs. 60 percent, p = 0.01 and (54.2 percent vs. 19.9 percent vs. 60 percent, p = 0.007, respectively). As for coronary lesion severity in the population of AA patients, 12 (20 percent) had at least one lesion > 70 percent and 19 (31.6 percent), > 50 percent. Fifteen patients (25 percent) had single-vessel disease, 11 (18 percent) had two-vessel disease, and 34 (57 percent) had three-vessel disease. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic CAD is highly prevalent in AA patients, particularly among those with AAA. Study results suggest the need for diagnostic stratification for CAD in patients with AA, especially those with AAA.

The behavior of Troponin I and CKMB mass in children who underwent surgical correction of congenital heart malformations

OBJETIVO: Analisar o comportamento da troponina I (TROP I) e CKMB massa (CKMBm) conforme a adiçäo ou näo de magnésio (Mg) na cardioplegia e a influência dos fatores operatórios. MÉTODO: Foram estudadas 28 crianças com a idade de 3 a 108 meses, peso médio de 11,8 kg, sendo 18 do sexo masculino, divididas em dois grupos, 16 no grupo I (GI) e 12 no grupo II (GII). O GI recebeu soluçäo cardioplégica sangüínea fria com Mg 12 mEq/L e cloreto de potássio 20 mEq/L na dose de 20 mL/kg. O GII recebeu a mesma soluçäo sem o (Mg). Foram coletadas seis amostras de sangue para a dosagem sérica de TROP I e CKMBm: pré-pinçamento da aorta e com 1, 6, 24, 48 e 72 horas após o término do pinçamento da aorta. RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstraram que näo houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos níveis TROP I e CKMBm, entre GI e GII. Dentre os fatores operatórios, a cianose influenciou nos níveis de TROP I e CKMBm, enquanto que o tempo de pinçamento da aorta (TPA) influenciou nos níveis de TROP I. CONCLUSÕES: A adiçäo de Mg na soluçäo cardioplégica näo esteve associada com níveis diferentes de TROP I e CKMBm. A cianose e o TPA interferiram no pico de TROP I.

Ablação percutânea da artéria septal no tratamento da cardiomiopatia hipertrófica / Septal arteries percutaneous ablation in hypertrofic cardiomiopathy therapy

A cardiomiopatia hipertrófica obstrutiva (CMHO) é uma doença caracterizada por obstrução dinâmica da via de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), devido a desarranjo de fibras musculares predominantemente no septo interventricular. A ablação da artéria septal (AAS) tem se constituído numa alternativa a cirurgia de miomectomia no tratamento da CMHO. Realizamos este procedimento (AAS) em dez pacientes no período de março/98 a julho/2001. Houve sucesso em todos os pacientes (100%). O gradiente médio teve importante redução (88mmHg para 5mmHg). No segmento clínico todos os pacientes encontram-se assintomáticos e não houve recidiva da obstução. Ao ecocardiograma observamos remodelamento da VSVE caracterizado por alargamento da mesma, não havendo mais hipertrofia significativa septal.