Latent classes of gambling in youths: The role of comorbidity, alexithymia and stressful life events by sex. / Clases latentes de juego problemático en jóvenes: El papel de la comorbilidad, la alexitimia y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes en función del sexo.

Alexithymia is related with propensity towards impulsive behavioral responses, rather than cognitive regulation of stressful events. Youth is a particularly vulnerable time for the confluence of these variables, which may impact the severity of gambling disorders (GD). However, sex differences have hardly been explored. This study aimed, firstly, to explore the frequency of GD among young people, as well as the presence of GD with other comorbid addictions. Secondly, latent classes were examined on the basis of gambling risk and their relationship to other addictive behaviors, alexithymia and stressful life events. Thirdly, we analyzed whether class membership was predicted by sex and age. The sample was composed of 360 participants between the ages of 18 and 35, the majority female. The results obtained revealed that alcohol abuse was the most prevalent addictive behavior both for problem and non-problem gamblers of both sexes. Group membership analyses showed the presence of two latent classes based on gambling risk. One of them was characterized by gambling risk, comorbidity, alexithymia, and stressful life events, and mainly predicted by being male. The other model was characterized by no gambling risk, lower levels of stressful life events and alexithymia, and mainly predicted by being female. This second profile presents a risk of alcohol abuse and compulsive buying. We highlight the need to introduce a gender perspective both in the interpretation of research findings and in the clinical application of treatments. CAST: La comorbilidad, la alexitimia y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes desempeñan un papel importante en la salud mental de los jóvenes. Este estudio ha tenido como objetivo, en primer lugar, explorar la frecuencia del trastorno de juego (TJ) en los jóvenes, así como la presencia del TJ  con otras adicciones comórbidas. En segundo lugar, se pretendía analizar un modelo de perfil basado en el riesgo de juego y su relación con las otras conductas adictivas, la alexitimia y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes. En tercer lugar, se analizó si la pertenencia a cada perfil era predicha por el sexo y la edad. La muestra estaba compuesta por 360 participantes. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que el abuso de alcohol era la conducta adictiva más prevalente tanto para los jugadores problemáticos como para los no problemáticos de ambos sexos. Los análisis de pertenencia de clase mostraron la presencia de dos modelos de perfil de juego. El primeor de ellos se caracterizaba por el riesgo de juego, la comorbilidad, la alexitimia y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes, y estaba principalmente predicho por la condición sexo-varón. El otro modelo se caracteriza por la ausencia de riesgo de juego, niveles más bajos de acontecimientos vitales estresantes y alexitimia, y se predice principalmente por ser mujer.  En este segundo perfil hay riesgo de abuso de alcohol y de compra compulsiva. Destacamos la necesidad de introducir una perspectiva de género tanto en la interpretación de los resultados de la investigación como en la aplicación clínica de los tratamientos.

La alexitimia se relaciona con la propensión a las respuestas conductuales impulsivas, en lugar de una regulación cognitiva de los acontecimientos estresantes. La juventud es una etapa de especial vulnerabilidad para la confluencia de estas variables, pudiendo repercutir en la severidad del trastorno de juego (TJ). No obstante, las diferencias entre sexos apenas han sido exploradas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo, en primer lugar, explorar la frecuencia de TJ en los jóvenes, así como la presencia de TJ con otras adicciones comórbidas. En segundo lugar, se examinó el riesgo de juego y su relación con las otras conductas adictivas, la alexitimia y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes. En tercer lugar, se analizó si la pertenencia a una determinada clase latente era predicha por el sexo y la edad. La muestra estaba compuesta por 360 participantes, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 35 años, siendo la mayoría mujeres. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que el abuso de alcohol era la conducta adictiva más prevalente, tanto para los jugadores problemáticos como para los no problemáticos de ambos sexos. Los análisis de pertenencia de grupo mostraron la presencia de dos clases latentes en base al riesgo de juego. El primero de ellos se caracterizaba por el riesgo de juego, la comorbilidad, la alexitimia y los acontecimientos vitales estresantes, y estaba principalmente predicho por la condición sexo-varón. El otro modelo se caracterizaba por la ausencia de riesgo de juego, niveles más bajos de acontecimientos vitales estresantes y alexitimia, y se predice principalmente por la condición sexo-mujer. En este segundo perfil se halló riesgo de abuso de alcohol y de compra compulsiva. Señalamos la necesidad de introducir una perspectiva de género tanto en la interpretación de los resultados de la investigación como en la aplicación clínica de los tratamientos.

La dependencia del ejercicio físico en deportes de resistencia: relación con la regulación emocional y el afecto negativo / Dependence on physical exercise in endurance sports: relationship with emotional regulation and negative affect

El ejercicio físico en altos volúmenes y descontrolado puede generar dependencia psicológica y cambios en el estado de ánimo. La regulación emocional y el afecto negativo son procesos relevantes para el desarrollo de patrones adictivos. Este estudio analizó las diferencias en afecto negativo y regulación emocional en función del perfil de práctica del ejercicio físico; la relación entre la dependencia del ejercicio, la regulación emocional y el afecto negativo; y el papel mediador de la regulación emocional en dicha relación. Participaron 375 practicantes de deportes de resistencia. Las diferencias en los perfiles de práctica del ejercicio físico fueron significativas en todas las variables de estudio. La dependencia del ejercicio correlacionó de forma positiva y significativa con las dificultades de regulación emocional y con el afecto negativo. Las dificultades de regulación emocional fueron predictoras de la dependencia del ejercicio. Hubo un efecto de mediación de las dificultades de regulación emocional entre el afecto negativo y la dependencia del ejercicio. Mejorar las habilidades de regulación emocional podría prevenir la aparición de la dependencia del ejercicio.(AU)

The copious and uncontrolled practice of exercise can generate psychologicaldependence and mood changes. Emotional regulation and negative affectivity arerelevant processes for the development of addictive patterns. This study analysedthe differences in negative affectivity and emotional regulation based on thepractice profile of exercise; the relationship between exercise dependence,emotional regulation, and negative affectivity; and the mediating role of emotionalregulation in such relationship. 375 endurance sports practitioners participated.The differences in the physical exercise practice profiles were significant in all thestudy variables. Exercise dependence correlated positively and significantly withemotional regulation difficulties and with negative affectivity. Emotional regulationdifficulties were predictors of exercise dependence. There was a mediating effectof emotional regulation difficulties between negative affect and exercisedependence. Improving emotional regulation skills could prevent the onset ofexercise dependence.(AU)

Interplay between alexithymia, emotion regulation, and positive and negative affect as predictors of gambling and gaming disorders in adolescents and young adults

Introduction/Objectives: Gambling and gaming disorder are usually comorbid addictive behaviours in which alexithymia and emotional regulation have been proved to be of relevance. The present study aimed to analyse the relationship between those variables and their differences depending on the presence or absence of gambling and gaming behaviours. Method: The sample consisted of 1,219 people between 12 and 20 years of age (M = 15.55, SD = 2.07; 51.8% females). Results: The results showed significant differences between players and non-players in gambling disorder, alexithymia and emotional regulation. The findings also indicated that there were differences in alexithymia, emotional regulation, negative affect, gambling disorder and gaming disorder among the different profiles of video game players. The comparison of participants with gaming disorder, gambling disorder, both, or neither of them, showed differences in alexithymia, emotional regulation, negative affect, gambling disorder and gaming disorder. Furthermore, correlations between gambling disorder and age, gaming disorder, negative affect, alexithymia and emotional regulation were found. Similarly, gaming dis-order was associated with gambling disorder, negative affect, alexithymia, emotional regulation and age. Conclusions: The hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated the predictive role of alexithymia and age in gambling disorder as well as the predictive role of age, sex and negative affect in gaming disorder.

Introducción/Objetivos: Los trastornos de juego y videojuego son conductas adictivas habitualmente comórbidas en las que se ha demostrado la relevancia de la alexitimia y la regulación emocional. Este estudio analiza la relación entre dichas variables y sus diferencias en función de la presencia o ausencia de conductas de juego y videojuego. Método: La muestra estuvo formada por 1219 personas de entre 12 y 20 años (M = 15.55, SD = 2.07; 51.8 % mujeres). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre jugadores y no jugadores en el juego patológico, la alexitimia y la regulación emocional. Los resultados también indicaron que había diferencias en alexitimia, regulación emocional, afecto negativo, trastorno de juego y videojuego entre los distintos perfiles de jugadores de videojuegos. La comparación de los participantes con trastorno de juego y videojuego, con ambos o con ninguno de ellos, mostró diferencias en la alexitimia, la regulación emocional, el afecto negativo, el trastorno de juego y videojuego. Además, se encontraron correlaciones entre el juego patológico y la edad, el trastorno por videojuego, el afecto negativo, la alexitimia y la regulación emocional. Del mismo modo, el trastorno por videojuego se asoció con el juego patológico, el afecto negativo, la alexitimia, la regulación emocional y la edad. Conclusiones: Los análisis de regresión jerárquica demostraron el papel predictivo de la alexitimia y la edad en el trastorno de juego y el papel predictivo de la edad, el sexo y el afecto negativo en el trastorno por videojuego.

Emotional dependence as a predictor of emotional symptoms and substance abuse in individuals with gambling disorder: differential analysis by sex.

INTRODUCTION: Emotional dependence, anxious-depressive symptoms and substance use have been associated with gambling disorder (GD). Although anxiety and depression have been predominantly related to female gamblers and substance abuse to male gamblers, the role of emotional dependence in GD is unknown. Moreover, sex differences remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES: First, to explore possible differences in emotional dependence, anxious-depressive symptoms and substance abuse by group (GD and non-GD) and sex (women vs men). Second, to analyse the predictive role of emotional dependence in alcohol and drug abuse and anxious-depressive symptoms in patients with GD as a function of sex. METHODS: Instruments to measure gambling (SOGS), emotional dependence (CDE), anxious-depressive symptoms (SCL-90-R) and substance abuse (MULTICAGE CAD-4) were administered to 108 people with GD diagnosis (60 women and 48 men) and 429 without GD (342 women and 87 men). STUDY DESIGN: The research is an analytical cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The results showed that the group with GD scored significantly higher than the non-GD group on alcohol abuse, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and emotional dependence, but not on drug abuse. In the group with GD, emotional dependence predicted alcohol and drug abuse in women, and emotional dependence predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms in men. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that women with GD who consume alcohol or drugs would benefit from therapies addressing loneliness, borderline expression, attention-seeking and affective expression. Men with GD who report anxious-depressive symptomatology would benefit from therapeutic strategies to deal with separation anxiety and attention-seeking.

Relationship of gambling disorder with traumatic life events and emotion regulation in adolescents and young adults.

Introduction: Traumatic life events (TLE) and difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) can be considered risk factors for the development of gambling disorder in adolescents and young adults. Methods: The aim of the present study was to examine the differences in TLE, ER strategies, positive and negative affect, and gambling severity in a clinical sample of individuals undergoing treatment for gambling disorder (92.8% males; Mage = 24.83, SD = 3.80) and a healthy control group (52.4% males; Mage = 15.65, SD = 2.22). The relationship between the variables was assessed and the mediating role of ER in the relationship between TLE and gambling in the clinical sample was analysed. Results: The results showed higher scores in gambling severity, positive and negative affect, ER strategies and TLE in the clinical sample. In addition, the severity of gambling was positively correlated with TLE, negative affect and with rumination. TLE were also correlated positively with negative and positive affect, rumination ER strategies, plan focus, positive reinterpretation, and catastrophizing. Finally, rumination mediated the relationship between TLE and gambling severity. Conclusions: These findings may have relevant implications for the prevention, understanding and treatment of gambling disorder.

Latent classes of eating disorders and addictions by sex: Implication of alexithymia and stressful life events in youths.

Introduction: Eating disorders (EDs) and behavioural addictions show common psychological vulnerability factors such as alexithymia and stressful life events (SLE). This study aims, firstly, to explore the prevalence and latent profiles of participants based on their risk of suffering EDs, gambling disorder (GD), alcohol and/or drug abuse, and compulsive buying (CB) by sex. Secondly, it aimed to test whether alexithymia and having experienced SLE are associated with group membership. Methods: The sample was predominantly drawn from university students and social networks. It was composed of 352 young adults between 18 and 35 years old, of whom 77.8% were women and 22.2% men. Results: The results showed that the most prevalent disorders of the sample were alcohol, EDs, CB, drugs and GD, respectively. Moreover, latent class analyses were conducted based on the risk of suffering EDs or addictions by sex. Three main profiles were found: 'Men with addictions', 'Healthy women' and 'Women with EDs'. Finally, differences in SLE and alexithymia levels were tested by latent classes. "Men with addictions" and "Women with EDs" had higher scores on alexithymia and SLE than the group of "Healthy women". However, the group of "Women with EDs" (class 3) reported significantly higher levels of SLE and alexithymia than the other two groups. Discussion and conclusion: In conclusion, we discuss the possibility that some vulnerability factors operate generally and transdiagnostically in EDs and addictive disorders. The identification of clinical phenotypes could complement and deepen prediction, prevention and treatment research in clinical settings. The need to take sex and gender differences into account is reinforced.

Sex-comparative study of gambling disorder regarding alexithymia and symptoms of depression, anxiety and hostility.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Alexithymia and psychological symptomatology have been closely associated with gambling disorder (GD). However, sex differences remain underexplored. This study aims, firstly, to explore the differences between groups (GD and no-GD) and sexes (women vs. men) in alexithymia and psychological symptomatology (depression, anxiety and hostility). Secondly, the relationship between alexithymia and psychological symptomatology was analysed by gambling and sex groups. Thirdly, it examines the moderation role of sex and gambling in the relationship between alexithymia and each psychological symptom. METHOD: The sample was composed of 80 people with GD diagnosis and 80 without GD (40 women and 40 men in each group). RESULTS: The results showed that alexithymia is positively related to depression, anxiety and hostility, with significantly higher scores in people with GD. Moderation analyses showed a threefold interaction, in which higher alexithymia was related to higher depression for men with GD but not for GD-women. However, in women with GD, depression levels are higher than in people without GD and tend to be more stable over time, despite the lack of effect of alexithymia. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence indicating that dysfunctional psychological symptomatology affects people with GD to a greater extent than people without GD, but also that the aetiology and effect of underlying vulnerability factors on gambling is different according to sex. The need of prevention and treatment programmes that consider different psychological aspects depending on sex is reinforced.

Cyberbullying and Gambling Disorder: Associations with Emotion Regulation and Coping Strategies.

The presence of unsuitable coping and emotion regulation strategies in young populations with gambling disorder (GD) and in those who have experienced cyberbullying victimization has been suggested. However, this association has not been explored in depth. In this study, our aim was to analyze individual differences in emotion regulation, coping strategies, and substance abuse in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adult patients with GD (n = 31) and in a community sample (n = 250). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the association between cyberbullying and GD. Participants were evaluated using the Cyberbullying Questionnaire-Victimization, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory, the Coping Strategies Inventory, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Structural Equation Modeling was used to explore associations between these factors in a community sample and in a clinical group. In both groups, exposure to cyberbullying behaviors was positively associated with higher emotion dysregulation and the use of maladaptative coping styles. Our findings uphold that adolescents and young adults who were victims of cyberbullying show difficulties in emotion regulation and maladaptive coping strategies when trying to solve problems. The specific contribution of sex, age, gambling severity, emotion regulation, and coping strategies on cyberbullying severity is also discussed. Populations at vulnerable ages could potentially benefit from public prevention policies that target these risk factors.

Desesperanza en el trastorno del juego: relación con el apego y las dificultades en la regulación emocional en adultos jóvenes / Hopelessness in gambling disorder: relationship to attachment and emotional regulation difficulties in young adults

Se ha producido un importante aumento de la prevalencia del trastorno de juego entre losjóvenes en los últimos años. Intervienen diversos factores determinantes como es el caso de ladesesperanza, la cual podría estar relacionada con el apego y la regulación emocional. Por consiguiente, los objetivos del estudio fueron analizar la relación entre la desesperanza, el apegoy la regulación emocional, así como analizar la asociación del apego y la regulación emocionalcon la desesperanza. La muestra estaba constituida por 83 participantes provenientes de la población clínica, esto es, con un trastorno del juego, de los cuales 77 eran hombres y 6 mujerescon edades que oscilaron entre los 18 y los 30 años (M = 24.83; DT = 3.80). Los resultadosobtenidos sugieren que la desesperanza disminuiría a medida que aumentaría el apego materno. Igualmente, la desesperanza aumentaría de manera paralela a las dificultades en la regulación emocional basadas en la catastrofización y la tendencia a culpar a otros. Por su parte, elapego materno negativo y la regulación emocional basada en culpar a los otros se asociarona la desesperanza. Estos resultados revelan la importancia de abordar el uso de estrategias deregulación emocional basadas en la catastrofización y en la tendencia a culpar al otro en losjóvenes adultos con un trastorno del juego, así como a considerar el apego materno como unfactor protector de esta problemática. Estos hallazgos favorecen las intervenciones dirigidas ala prevención e intervención de la problemática del juego en adultos jóvenes (AU)

There has been a significant increase in the prevalence of gambling disorder among young adults inrecent years. Several determinants are involved, such as hopelessness, which could be related toattachment and emotional regulation. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to analyze therelationship between hopelessness, attachment and positive and negative emotional regulation, aswell as to analyze the association of attachment and emotional regulation with hopelessness. Thesample consisted of 83 participants from the clinical population, i.e., with a gambling disorder, ofwhom 77 were male and 6 females with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years (M = 24.83; SD = 3.80).The results obtained suggest that hopelessness would decrease as maternal attachment wouldincrease. Likewise, hopelessness would increase in parallel with difficulties in emotional regulationbased on catastrophizing and the tendency to blame others. In turn, negative maternal attachmentand emotional regulation based on blaming others were associated with hopelessness. Theseresults reveal the importance of addressing the use of emotional regulation strategies based oncatastrophizing and the tendency to blame others in young adults with a gambling disorder, as wellas considering maternal attachment as a protective factor for this problem. These findings favorinterventions aimed at the prevention and intervention of problem gambling in young adults (AU)

Alexithymia and Emotion Regulation Strategies in Adolescent Gamblers with and Without At-Risk Profiles.

Alexithymia, difficulties in emotion regulation, and negative affect play an important role in adolescents who present pathological gambling. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were, firstly, to analyze the differences between alexithymia, difficulties in emotion regulation, and positive and negative affect in adolescents with and without risk of gambling problems. Secondly, the relationships between all the variables of the study in adolescents with and without risk of problem gambling were analyzed separately. Thirdly, we analyzed the mediating role of positive and negative affect in the relationship between alexithymia and dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies (ERS) in adolescents at risk of gambling problems. The sample was composed of 206 adolescents with ages ranging from 12 to 18 years (M = 15.52; SD = 1.43). They were divided into two groups according to the score obtained in the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA). Thus, 84 were included in the group without risk of gambling problems and 122 in the group at risk of gambling problems. The results obtained revealed higher scores in negative affect and pathological gambling in the group at risk of gambling problems. Likewise, positive relationships between alexithymia, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (MERS), and affect were found. Mediation analyses showed that difficulties in identifying feelings were indirectly related to greater use of dysfunctional ERS through their relationship with negative affect in at-risk gamblers.

Longitudinal Changes in Gambling, Buying and Materialism in Adolescents: A Population-Based Study.

Gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values lead to impaired functioning in important areas of life. The aims of the present longitudinal study are (1) to evaluate the change produced after one year in those mentioned variables and (2) to examine the gender role in these changes and to analyze the mediational mechanisms among the variables of the study. The sample was composed of 182 adolescents (103 females and 79 males) from secondary education Spanish institutions who completed self-administered questionnaires. Structural equation modeling has been used to explore associations between the different variables. Our results show significant decreases in compulsive buying, materialism, and cognitive biases related to gambling after one year. Gambling disorder severity was directly related to cognitive distortions of gambling and being a man. Compulsive buying was associated with older age and the female gender. Materialism was associated with compulsive buying and the male gender. In conclusion, gambling disorder, gambling-related cognitive biases, compulsive buying, and materialistic values change over time in different ways, according to gender. The understanding of gambling disorder and compulsive buying in adolescents could potentially lead to early prevention and treatment programs for the specific needs of gender and age.

The Severity of Gambling and Gambling Related Cognitions as Predictors of Emotional Regulation and Coping Strategies in Adolescents.

People with gambling disorder (GD) exhibit distorted cognitions and superstitious beliefs more often than the general population. Similarly, difficulties in coping and emotion dysregulation are more prevalent among those with GD, and could determine the onset of GD in particularly vulnerable groups such as adolescents. This study examines the relationship between gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions with coping strategies and emotion regulation. Also, it explores how accurately gambling severity and gambling-related cognitions were able to predict emotion regulation and coping strategies. Two groups were recruited and analyzed: a community sample comprising 250 adolescents and young adults from secondary education schools, and a clinical sample of 31 patients with similar age characteristics seeking treatment for GD. The participants from the clinical sample scored higher on gambling severity, emotion dysregulation, cognitive biases, and maladaptive coping strategies. In the community sample, cognitive biases mediated the relationship between sex and emotion dysregulation and disengagement. People with GD use more often than controls maladaptive emotion regulation strategies to manage negative emotional states. This perspective emphasizes the need to focus on coping with emotions, as opposed to coping with problems, as the best approach to tackle gambling problems.

Gambling and Attachment: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Attachment and alexithymia play a central role in the appearance and persistence of pathological gambling and related comorbid addictive behaviours among adolescents and young adults. The aim of the present study was to explore the differences between problem gamblers and non-problem gamblers in gambling severity, spending, video gaming, alcohol and drugs use, attachment, and alexithymia, as well as the interaction among these variables. The study sample included 560 participants non-problem gamblers (mean age = 15.49 years) and 54 problem gamblers (mean age = 16.43 years). Gambling disorder (SOGS-RA), drugs, alcohol, video games and spending (MULTICAGE CAD-4), attachment (IPPA), and alexithymia (TAS-20) were measured. Student's t, Pearson's r, and multiple mediation analyses were conducted. Problem gamblers scored significantly higher in all substance and non-substance addictive behaviours and alexithymia; as well as significantly lower scores in mother and father attachment scales. Moreover, gambling was negatively associated to father and mother attachment, and positively associated to alexithymia. Finally, alexithymia was found to mediate between parental attachment and gambling, spending, videogame, drug and alcohol abuse, especially in the case of mother attachment. This study demonstrated that adolescent and young adult problem gamblers show higher comorbid addictions than non-problem gamblers, in the same way as higher levels of alexithymia and poorer father attachment. Given that higher comorbidity in early ages is associated with worse prognosis and higher psychopathology in adult life, early detection and treatment purposes becomes essential.

Exploring the Predictive Value of Gambling Motives, Cognitive Distortions, and Materialism on Problem Gambling Severity in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Gambling motives and cognitive distortions are thought to be associated because both coping and financial motives to gamble appear to be predictors of gambling related cognitive distortions. Therefore, there is an argument to be made that gambling motives, cognitive distortions, and materialism share common attributes and might be related to problem gambling severity. The present paper aims to examine the relationship between these three variables, both in a clinical and community setting, to see if they can predict gambling severity. A sample of 250 participants from the general population and 31 participants from the clinical population was recruited. The results showed that the clinical sample scored higher on gambling severity, cognitive distortions, materialism, and gambling motives. It also showed that low scores in enhancement motives and higher scores in social motives and gambling related cognitions predicted gambling severity in older gamblers, whereas for younger patients, gambling severity was best predicted by higher scores in materialism and coping motives, and lower scores for enhancement and social motives. In the community sample, gambling severity correlated with gambling related cognitive distortions and with gambling motives (except for social and coping motives within the women subsample). These results testify to the importance of materialism, cognitive distortions, and gambling motives as risk factors for problem gambling both in community and clinical samples.

Perfiles de jugadores con trastorno de juego en función de la impulsividad y regulación emocional / Profiles of players with gaming disorder based on impulsivity and emotional regulation

Este estudio tiene como objetivos examinar la relación entre la edad, la conducta de juego, los síntomas psicológicos disfuncionales y otras conductas adictivas comórbidas, así como evaluar las diferencias entre dichas variables en función de los distintos perfiles de jugadores con base en la impulsividad y la regulación emocional. Participaron 95 personas pertenecientes a muestra clínica (93,5% hombres y 6,5% mujeres). Los resultados muestran que las dificultades de regulación emocional y la impulsividad estarían asociadas al trastorno de juego, abuso de videojuegos y sintomatología psicológica disfuncional. Asimismo, se han observado dos grupos, de los cuales el primero estaría formado por personas con menores dificultades de regulación emocional, menor gravedad psicopatológica y ligera mayor impulsividad; mientras que el segundo estaría compuesto por personas con mayores dificultades de regulación emocional, mayor gravedad psicopatológica y un problema de juego de mayor gravedad. Estos resultados arrojan luz sobre la importancia de conocer las características diferenciales de cada tipología de jugador, para ofrecer estrategias de prevención y tratamiento lo más adaptadas posibles a cada persona (AU)

This study aims to examine relationship between age, gambling behaviour, dysfunctional psychological symptoms, and other comorbid addictive behaviours. Secondly, it aims to study the differences between the aforementioned variables according to gambler profiles based on impulsivity and emotional regulation. A sample of 95 participants conformed the clinical sample (93.5% men and 6.5% women). Results suggest that difficulties in emotion regulation and impulsivity are associated with gambling disorder, video game abuse, and dysfunctional psychological symptomatology. Likewise, two clusters have been observed, the first one is composed of participants with fewer difficulties in emotion regulation, less psychopathological severity, and greater impulsivity. The second cluster is composed of participants with greater difficulties in emotion regulation, as well as greater psychopathological and gambling severity. These results highlight the relevance of understanding different gambler profiles in order to design prevention and treatment strategies adapted to each person (AU)

Perfiles de personas jugadoras de videojuegos y coocurrencia de abuso de videojuegos, trastorno de juego y consumo de sustancias: análisis por tipo de videojuegos / Profiles of video game players and co-occurrence of video game abuse, gambling disorder or substance use disorder: analysis by video game type

El abuso de videojuegos es una conducta de prevalencia creciente que podría variar en función del tipo de videojuego, y que además podría concurrir con otras adicciones como el trastorno de juego o el abuso de sustancias. Por tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo medir la co-ocurrencia del abuso de videojuegos con estas conductas en función del sexo, rendimiento académico y edad, y analizar estos perfiles en función del tipo de videjuego predominante (Fortnite, FIFA, u otros videojuegos). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 393 usuarios de videojuegos de entre 18 y 36 años (21.6% de mujeres y un 76.8% de hombres). Los resultados mostraron un mayor nivel de trastorno de juego en el grupo de hombres y mayores niveles de abuso de videojuegos y sustancias en el grupo de repetidores de 2 cursos o más. En cuanto a la edad, a mayor edad se halló mayor uso de cartas y apuestas deportivas offline, lotería online, cocaína, y speed, y a menor edad mayor uso de bebidas energéticas y mayor nivel de abuso de videojuegos, especialmente en el caso de los usuarios de Fortnite, en los que también se relacionó con el abuso de sustancias. En el caso de los usuarios de FIFA, se encontró una relación significativa del abuso de videojuegos con el trastorno juego. En este grupo, el trastorno de juego y el abuso de sustancias mostraron una relación significativa con las apuestas deportivas. Estos resultados delimitan perfiles diferenciales de interés para la prevención y la intervención

Video games abuse is a behaviour of increasing prevalence that may vary depending on the type of video game, and may co-occur with other addictions such as gambling disorder or substance use disorder. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the co-occurrence of video game abuse with these behaviours as a function of age, sex, and academic performance, and to analyse these profiles depending on which the main video game that used is (Fornite, FIFA, or other video games). The sample comprised 393 video game users (18-36 years old; 21.6% were female and 76.8% male). The results showed greater degrees of gambling disorder in males and greater degrees of video game and substance abuse in repeaters of 2 or more courses. Regarding age, older participants showed a greater use of offline card and sports betting, online lottery, cocaine, and speed, and younger participants showed greater use of energy drinks and video games, especially in Fortnite users, in which video game abuse was related with substance abuse. In the case of FIFA users, there was a significant relationship of video game abuse with gambling disorder. In this group, gambling disorder and substance abuse showed a significant relationship with sports betting. These results draw differential profiles which are of interest for prevention and intervention