Automatic Brain Tumor Classification via Lion Plus Dragonfly Algorithm.

Denoising, skull stripping, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification are five important processes in this paper's development of a brain tumor classification model. The brain tumor image will be imposed first using the entropy-based trilateral filter to de-noising and this image is imposed to skull stripping by means of morphological partition and Otsu thresholding. Adaptive contrast limited fuzzy adaptive histogram equalization (CLFAHE) is also used in the segmentation process. The gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) characteristics are derived from the segmented image. The collected GLCM features are used in a hybrid classifier that combines the neural network (NN) and deep belief network (DBN) ideas. As an innovation, the hidden neurons of the two classifiers are modified ideally to improve the prediction model's accuracy. The hidden neurons are optimized using a unique hybrid optimization technique known as lion with dragonfly separation update (L-DSU), which integrates the approaches from both DA and LA. Finally, the suggested model's performance is compared to that of the standard models concerning certain performance measures.

Azetidin-2-ones, synthon for biologically important compounds.

Azetidin-2-one, a four-membered cyclic lactam (beta-lactam) skeleton has been recognised as a useful building block for the synthesis of a large number of organic molecules by exploiting the strain energy associated with it, in addition to its use in the synthesis of a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics. Efforts have been made in exploring such new aspects of beta-lactam chemistry using enantiomerically pure beta-lactams as versatile intermediates for the synthesis of aromatic beta-amino acids and their derivatives, peptides, polyamines, polyamino alcohols, amino sugars and polyamino ethers. The development of methodologies based on beta-lactam nucleus is now referred as 'the beta-lactam synthon methods'. The selective bond cleavage of the strained ring coupled with further interesting transformation render this fascinating molecule as a powerful building block. This provides an access to diverse structural type of synthetic target molecules lacking beta-lactam ring structure. This review provides an account of synthesis of organic compounds having biological significance at the same time lacking beta-lactam ring, by using beta-lactam as synthon.

Hospital based epidemiology of HIV-1 in Bangalore, India.

PIP: Of more than 1 million people screened in serosurveillance centers across India, more than 6000 have been found to be infected with HIV. Bombay, Madras, and Manipur are the 3 epicenters of pandemic viral spread. The majority of infected individuals in southern India are in Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra states. HIV-1serology was, however, added to the center in Karnataka state amid reports of rising HIV seroprevalence. St. John's Medical College Hospital is in Bangalore, a rapidly growing city of the state. An ongoing study began screening high-risk groups and blood donors for seroprevalence to HIV in March, 1989. This report presents findings based upon the first 3 years of the study. In all, sera from 26,236 voluntary blood donors and 1364 high-risk group patients were screened with ELISA. 26 seropositives were identified, 17 of which were from Bangalore city and its suburbs; the others were from semi-urban environments. Quite a few were unaware of HIV infection and its implications. Most seropositives were males aged 20-40 years thought to have contracted HIV from heterosexual intercourse, although one admitted to homosexuality. Further, many are frequent travellers due to the nature of their jobs. Of the blood donors, none was seropositive in 1989, 1 in 1990, and 15 in 1992; a similar trend was observed among the high-risk group patients. These findings point to the as-yet modest, but growing, entry of HIV into populations in and around Bangalore. Continuous serosurveillance and vigorous health education of the population are required to stem further HIV infection.^ieng