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1.
Diseases ; 7(1)2019 Feb 13.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30781823

RESUMO

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide major health problem. Traditional risk factors for CKD are hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. Recent studies have identified gut dysbiosis as a novel risk factor for the progression CKD and its complications. Dysbiosis can worsen systemic inflammation, which plays an important role in the progression of CKD and its complications such as cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effects of the normal gut microbiota, and then elaborate on how alterations in the biochemical environment of the gastrointestinal tract in CKD can affect gut microbiota. External factors such as dietary restrictions, medications, and dialysis further promote dysbiosis. We discuss the impact of an altered gut microbiota on neuroendocrine pathways such as the hypothalamus⁻pituitary⁻adrenal axis, the production of neurotransmitters and neuroactive compounds, tryptophan metabolism, and the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Finally, therapeutic strategies including diet modification, intestinal alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are reviewed.

2.
Vaccine ; 30(16): 2640-6, 2012 Mar 30.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22342704

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of the mixture of propranolol (PRP), a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, and alum, as a new adjuvant, in the induction of humoral and cellular immunity in response to heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) (HKST) as a model vaccine. METHODS: BALB/c mice were divided into five groups. Mice in the experimental groups received either the HKST vaccine alone or in combination with the adjuvant alum, PRP or the alum-PRP mixture. Mice in the negative control group received phosphate-buffered saline. All mice were immunized two times on days 0 and 14. Two weeks after the last immunization, immune responses to S. typhimurium were assessed. RESULTS: Administration of the alum-PRP mixture as an adjuvant increased the ability of the HKST vaccine to enhance lymphocyte proliferation, shifted the immune response towards a T-helper (Th) 1 pattern and increased S. typhimurium specific IgG, IgG2a and IgG1. This resulted in improved protective immunity against S. typhimurium. CONCLUSION: Administration of the alum-PRP mixture as an adjuvant in combination with the HKST vaccine, can enhance both humoral and cellular immunity and shift the immune responses to a Th1 pattern.


Assuntos
Compostos de Alumínio/imunologia , Fosfatos/imunologia , Propranolol/imunologia , Infecções por Salmonella/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra Salmonella/imunologia , Salmonella typhimurium/imunologia , Adjuvantes Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/imunologia , Compostos de Alumínio/administração & dosagem , Animais , Proliferação de Células , Temperatura Alta , Humanos , Imunidade Celular , Imunidade Humoral , Imunoglobulina G/biossíntese , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Fosfatos/administração & dosagem , Propranolol/administração & dosagem , Infecções por Salmonella/imunologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Vacinas contra Salmonella/administração & dosagem , Equilíbrio Th1-Th2 , Vacinas de Produtos Inativados
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