Placental Extract and Exosomes Derived from Pregnant Mice Attenuate the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.

Placental extract (PE) and exosomes from pregnant mice appear to have immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. In this study, we assessed the potential therapeutic effects of PE and exosomes obtained from pregnant mice in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse models. C57BL/6 mice, 8 to 12 weeks of age, were prepared and administered PE, exosomes, and glatiramer acetate (GA), as an FDA-approved treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), after EAE induction. Thereafter, the therapeutic effects of treatment were evaluated by measuring the clinical courses of the mice as well as determining the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells using flow cytometry, cytokine levels, and microRNA-326 expression via real-time PCR. GA, PE, and exosomes reduced clinical severity, the extent of spinal cord demyelination, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the spinal cord. The frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells increased after treatment of EAE mice with GA, PE, and exosomes. The mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-17  and interferon-gamma), as well as miR-326 expression, decreased significantly in the EAE mice after treatment with GA and exosomes. PE and exosomes from pregnant mice are involved in the modulation of Treg/Th17 balance and provide a therapeutic approach for MS. Further clinical studies will hopefully confirm the safety and efficacy of such treatments in MS patients.

Current Status and Prospective Regarding the Therapeutic Potential of Natural Autoantibodies in Cancer Therapy.

The presence of natural auto-antibodies (NAbs) in normal range/activity in healthy individuals is essential for body to maintain hemostasis, which are directed to self and altered self-components, while abnormal activity of this system can be associated with several health related diseases. It has been shown that NAbs regulate immune system, and can be changed during the individual's life. In other word, the level and pattern of Nabs is among the main factors to define the state of the body, suggesting their prognostic values as markers of immune system impairment such as autoimmunity and cancer. Such NAbs have gained substantial attention because several of them, including their recombinant forms, have therapeutic potential (e.g., programmed cell death-1 [PD-1, Pdcd1], which some of its inhibitors have been approved by FDA for cancer therapy). Whereas a large number of IgM and IgG NAbs have a key role in tissue homeostasis, while others modulate cellular and enzyme properties. The aim of current review is to give an overview about some of these NAbs and how these low-titer/affinity interact with Ag in homeostasis, with particular emphasis on related diseases such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome and cancer, and their application as potential therapeutic target for cancer therapy.