The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of Belligobio nummifer (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae).

We determined the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) sequence of Belligobio nummifer, which is known as a cyprinid fish in mainland China, with a long polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The total length of B. nummifer mitogenome is 16,610 bp, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNAs, 2 ribosomal RNAs genes and a noncoding control region. The overall base composition of B. nummifer is 29.74% for A, 26.12% for T, 17.18% for G, and 26.97% for C, with a slight AT bias of 55.86%. The complete mitogenomic data may provide more informative for phylogenetic approach for gudgeons phylogeny.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Gobiobotia intermedia (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae).

The complete mitochondrial genome of the Cyprinid fish Gobiobotia intermedia (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae) was determined. The complete mitogenome sequence has 16,608 bp and contains the usual 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and a non-coding control region, as those found in other vertebrates, with the gene order identical to that of typical vertebrates. The overall base composition of the heavy strand shows T 26.08%, C 27.25%, A 27.57% and G 19.11%, apparently with a slight AT bias.

Phylogeography and genetic differentiation among populations of the Moon Turban Snail Lunella granulata Gmelin, 1791 (Gastropoda: Turbinidae).

We examined the genetic variation and phylogeographic relationships among 10 populations of Lunella granulata from mainland China, Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan Island, and Japan using mitochondrial COI and 16S markers. A total of 45 haplotypes were obtained in 112 specimens, and relatively high levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.903) and low levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0046) were detected. Four major phylogenetic lineage clusters were revealed and were concordant with their geographic distribution, agreeing with the haplotype network. These results suggested that geographic barrier isolating effects were occurring among the populations. This hypothesis was also supported by a significant genetic differentiation index (FST = 0.709) and by a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) analysis. A mismatch distribution analysis, neutrality tests and Bayesian skyline plots found a single significant population expansion. This expansion occurred on the coast of mainland China before 20-17 ka. Consequently, although the dispersal ability of the planktonic stage and the circulation of ocean currents generally promote genetic exchanges among populations, L. granulata has tended to maintain distinct genetic groups that reflect the respective geographic origins of the constituent lineages. Although the circulation of ocean currents, in principle, may still play a role in determining the genetic composition of populations, long-distance migration between regions is difficult even at the planktonic stage.