Comparison of Growth and Physiological Effects of Soil Moisture Regime on Plantago maritima Plants from Geographically Isolated Sites on the Eastern Coast of the Baltic Sea.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological and physiological responses of P. maritima plants from five geographically isolated sites growing in habitats with different conditions to different substrate moisture levels in controlled conditions. Plants were produced from seed and cultivated in a greenhouse at four relatively constant soil moisture regimes: at 25, 50, and 75% soil water content and in soil flooded 3 cm above the surface (80% F). The two morphological traits that varied most strikingly among P. maritima accessions were the number of flower stalks and the number of leaves. Only plants from two accessions uniformly produced generative structures, and allocation to flowering was suppressed by both low moisture and flooding. Optimum shoot biomass accumulation for all accessions was at 50 and 75% soil moisture. The Performance Index Total was the most sensitive among the measured photosynthesis-related parameters, and it tended to decrease with an increase in soil water content for all P. maritima accessions. The initial hypothesis-that plants from relatively dry habitats will have a higher tolerance against low soil water levels, but plants from relatively wet habitats will have a higher tolerance against waterlogged or flooded soil-was not proven. The existence of three ecotypes of P. maritima within the five accessions from geographically isolated subpopulations on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea at the level of morphological responses to soil water content can be proposed. P. maritima plants can be characterized as extremely tolerant to soil waterlogging and highly tolerant to soil flooding and low soil water content.

Effect of Na, K and Ca Salts on Growth, Physiological Performance, Ion Accumulation and Mineral Nutrition of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum.

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L. is an obligatory halophyte species showing optimum growth at elevated soil salinity levels, but the ionic requirements for growth stimulation are not known. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of sodium, potassium and calcium in the form of chloride and nitrate salts on the growth, physiological performance, ion accumulation and mineral nutrition of M. crystallinum plants in controlled conditions. In a paradoxical way, while sodium and potassium had comparable stimulative effect on plant growth, the effect of calcium was strongly negative even at a relatively low concentration, eventually leading to plant death. Moreover, the effect of Ca nitrate was less negative in comparison to that of Ca chloride, but K in the form of nitrate had some negative effects. There were three components of the stimulation of biomass accumulation by NaCl and KCl salinity in M. crsytallinum: the increase in tissue water content, increase in ion accumulation, and growth activation. As optimum growth was in a salinity range from 20 to 100 mM, the increase in the dry biomass of plants at a moderate (200 mM) and high (400 mM) salinity in comparison to control plants was mostly due to ion accumulation. Among physiological indicators, changes in leaf chlorophyll concentration appeared relatively late, but the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter, Performance Index Total, was the most sensitive to the effect of salts. In conclusion, both sodium and potassium in the form of chloride salts are efficient in promoting the optimum growth of M. crystallinum plants. However, mechanisms leading to the negative effect of calcium on plants need to be assessed further.

Salinity Tolerance, Ion Accumulation Potential and Osmotic Adjustment In Vitro and In Planta of Different Armeria maritima Accessions from a Dry Coastal Meadow.

The aim of the present study was to compare tolerance to salinity and ion accumulation potential of Armeria maritima subsp. elongata. Three accessions (AM1 and AM2, both from Latvia, and AM3 from Sweden) from relatively dry sandy soil habitats in the Baltic Sea region were selected and compared using both in vitro cultivated shoot explants and long-term soil-cultivated plants at flowering stage. Growth of root non-forming explants treated with increasing concentrations of NaCl was significantly inhibited starting from 110 mmol L-1, and the rate of shoot formation was even more sensitive. Significant differences in morphology and responses to salinity were found between different accessions. For soil-grown plants, biomass accumulation in above-ground parts was relatively little affected by salinity in AM1 and AM2 in comparison to that in AM3. Differences in ion accumulation were evident between the accessions as well as in respect to cultivation system used. Maximum accumulation capacity for Na+ was up to 2.5 mol kg-1 both in shoot explant tissues and in old leaves of soil-grown plants treated with NaCl, but that for K+ reached 4.0 mol kg-1 in old leaves of soil-grown plants treated with KCl. Non-ionic component of osmotic value was relatively high in old leaves and significantly increased under NaCl treatment, especially for AM2 and AM3 plants at moderate salinity, but in AM1 only at high salinity. In contrast, it significantly decreased in old leaves of AM2 plants treated with increasing concentration of KCl. It can be concluded that a wide salinity tolerance exists within A. maritima accessions from dry sandy soil habitats, associated with the ability to accumulate surplus ions both in salt glands and old leaves.

Similar Responses of Relatively Salt-Tolerant Plants to Na and K during Chloride Salinity: Comparison of Growth, Water Content and Ion Accumulation.

The aim of the present study was to compare changes in growth, ion accumulation and tissue water content in relatively salt-tolerant plant taxa-Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. cicla, Cochlearia officinalis, Mentha aquatica and Plantago maritima-as a result of NaCl and KCl salinity in controlled conditions. Similar growth responses to Na+ and K+ salinity in a form of chloride salts were found for all model plants, including growth stimulation at low concentrations, an increase in water content in leaves, and growth inhibition at high salinity for less salt-resistant taxa. All plant taxa were cultivated in soil except M. aquatica, which was cultivated in hydroponics. While the morphological responses of B. vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. cicla, B. vulgaris subsp. maritima and P. maritima plants to NaCl and KCl were rather similar, C. officinalis plants tended to perform worse when treated with KCl, but the opposite was evident for M. aquatica. Plants treated with KCl accumulated higher concentrations of K+ in comparison to the accumulation of Na+ in plants treated with equimolar concentrations of NaCl. KCl-treated plants also had higher tissue levels of electrical conductivity than NaCl-treated plants. Based on the results of the present study, it seems that both positive and negative effects of Na+ and K+ on plant growth were due to unspecific ionic effects of monovalent cations or/and the specific effect of Cl-.

Comparison of In Vitro and In Planta Heavy Metal Tolerance and Accumulation Potential of Different Armeria maritima Accessions from a Dry Coastal Meadow.

The aim of the present study was to compare the tolerance to several heavy metals and their accumulation potential of Armeria maritima subsp. elongata accessions from relatively dry sandy soil habitats in the Baltic Sea region using both in vitro cultivated shoot explants and long-term soil-cultivated plants at the flowering stage as model systems. The hypothesis that was tested was that all accessions will show a relatively high heavy metal tolerance and a reasonable metal accumulation potential, but possibly to varying degrees. Under the conditions of the tissue culture, the explants accumulated extremely high concentration of Cd and Cu, leading to growth inhibition and eventual necrosis, but the accumulation of Pb in their tissues was limited. When grown in soil, the plants from different accessions showed a very high heavy metal tolerance, as the total biomass was not negatively affected by any of the treatments. The accumulation potential for heavy metals in soil-grown plants was high, with several significant accession- and metal-related differences. In general, the heavy metal accumulation potential in roots and older leaves was similar, except for Mn, which accumulated more in older leaves. The absolute higher values of the heavy metal concentrations reached in the leaves of soil-grown A. maritima plants (500 mg Cd kg-1, 600 mg Cu kg-1, 12,000 mg Mn kg-1, 1500 mg Pb kg-1, and 15,000 mg Zn kg-1) exceeded the respective threshold values for hyperaccumulation. In conclusion, A. maritima can be characterized by a species-wide heavy metal tolerance and accumulation potential, but with a relatively high intraspecies diversity.

Dependence on Nitrogen Availability and Rhizobial Symbiosis of Different Accessions of Trifolium fragiferum, a Crop Wild Relative Legume Species, as Related to Physiological Traits.

Biological nitrogen fixation by legume-rhizobacterial symbiosis in temperate grasslands is an important source of soil nitrogen. The aim of the present study was to characterize the dependence of different accessions of T. fragiferum, a rare crop wild relative legume species, from their native rhizobia as well as additional nitrogen fertilization in controlled conditions. Asymbiotically cultivated, mineral-fertilized T. fragiferum plants gradually showed signs of nitrogen deficiency, appearing as a decrease in leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf senescence, and a decrease in growth rate. The addition of nitrogen, and the inoculation with native rhizobia, or both treatments significantly prevented the onset of these symptoms, leading to both increase in plant shoot biomass as well as an increase in tissue concentration of N. The actual degree of each type of response was genotype-specific. Accessions showed a relatively similar degree of dependence on nitrogen (70-95% increase in shoot dry mass) but the increase in shoot dry mass by inoculation with native rhizobia ranged from 27 to 85%. In general, there was no correlation between growth stimulation and an increase in tissue N concentration by the treatments. The addition of N or rhizobial inoculant affected mineral nutrition at the level of both macronutrient and micronutrient concentration in different plant parts. In conclusion, native rhizobial strains associated with geographically isolated accessions of T. fragiferum at the northern range of distribution of the species represent a valuable resource for further studies aimed at the identification of salinity-tolerant N2-fixing bacteria for the needs of sustainable agriculture, as well as in a view of understanding ecosystem functioning at the level of plant-microorganism interactions.

Effect of Salinity on Growth, Ion Accumulation and Mineral Nutrition of Different Accessions of a Crop Wild Relative Legume Species, Trifolium fragiferum.

Crop wild relatives represent a valuable resource for the breeding of new crop varieties suitable for sustainable productivity in conditions of climate change. The aim of the present study was to assess salt tolerance of several wild accessions of T. fragiferum from habitats with different salinity levels in controlled conditions. Decrease of plant biomass and changes in partitioning between different organs was a characteristic response of plants with increasing substrate salinity, but these responses were genotype-specific. In several accessions, salinity stimulated reproductive development. The major differences in salinity responses between various T. fragiferum genotypes were at the level of dry biomass accumulation as well as water accumulation in plant tissues, resulting in relatively more similar effect on fresh mass. Na+ and Cl- accumulation capacity were organ-specific, with leaf petioles accumulating more, followed by leaf blades and stolons. Responses of mineral nutrition clearly were both genotype- and organ-specific, but several elements showed a relatively general pattern, such as increase in Zn concentration in all plant parts, and decrease in Ca and Mg concentration. Alterations in mineralome possibly reflect a reprogramming of the metabolism to adapt to changes in growth, morphology and ion accumulation resulting from effect of NaCl. High intraspecies morphological and physiological variability in responses of T. fragiferum accessions to salinity allow to describe them as ecotypes.

Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Coastal Accessions of a Promising Forage Species, Trifolium fragiferum.

Crop wild relatives are valuable as a genetic resource to develop new crop cultivars, better adapted to increasing environmental heterogeneity and being able to give high quality yields in a changing climate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the tolerance of different accessions of a crop wild relative, Trifolium fragiferum L., from coastal habitats of the Baltic Sea to three abiotic factors (increased soil moisture, trampling, cutting) in controlled conditions. Seeds from four accessions of T. fragiferum, collected in the wild, were used for experiments, and cv. 'Palestine' was used as a reference genotype. Plants were cultivated in asymbiotic conditions of soil culture. Treatments were performed in a quantifiable way, with three gradations for soil moisture (optimum, waterlogged, flooded) and four gradations for both trampling and cutting. All accessions had relatively high tolerance against increased soil moisture, trampling, and cutting, but significant accession-specific differences in tolerance to individual factors were clearly evident, indicating that the studied wild accessions represented different ecotypes of the species. Several wild accessions of T. fragiferum showed stress tolerance-related features superior to these of cv. 'Palestine', but TF1 was the most tolerant accession, with a very high score against both waterlogging and cutting, and a high score against trampling.