Network Analysis Revealed the Role of Helplessness as a Central Feature Among Late-Life Depressive Symptoms in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment and Early Stage Dementia.

OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that depressive symptoms in older adults are different from those in younger adults, especially when accompanied by cognitive decline. However, few studies have investigated the network structure of depressive symptoms in this population. METHODS: The participants consisted of 627 older adults (>60 yr) who were diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or early stage dementia. Among them, 36.7% were male and the mean age was 76.20±7.71 years. The Korean form of Geriatric Depression Scale (KGDS) was used to evaluate their depressive symptoms and network analyses were performed using bootnet R-package to identify the central features among depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Of all the KGDS items, we found that KGDS 2 (often feel helpless) had the highest node strength followed by KGDS 21 (in good spirits), KGDS 14 (not confident at all), and KGDS 15 (cheerful and happy). In terms of node betweenness, KGDS 2 also showed the highest value. The edge weights of edges connected to node KGDS 2 were strongest in KGDS 3 (restless and fidgety) and KGDS 28 (easily get tired). CONCLUSION: In this study, we presented which symptoms are central among the elderly with MCI and early stage dementia. This result not only increases the understanding of depressive symptoms in this group but would also help determine target symptoms in the treatment program.

Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-6 (DBAS-6): Data-driven shortened version from a machine learning approach.

BACKGROUND: The Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS-16) is a widely used self-report instrument for identifying sleep-related cognition. However, its length can be cumbersome in clinical practice. This study aims to develop a data-driven shortened version of the DBAS-16 that efficiently predicts the DBAS-16 total score among the general population. METHODS: We collected 1000 responses to the DBAS-16 from the general population through three separate surveys, each focusing on different aspects of insomnia severity and related factors. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on the survey responses, we grouped DBAS-16 items based on response pattern similarities. The most representative item from each group, showing the highest regression performance with eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) in predicting the DBAS-16 total score, was selected to create a shortened version of the DBAS-16. RESULTS: Through EFA and XGBoost, we categorized the DBAS-16 items into six distinct groups. Selecting one item from each group, based on the highest coefficient of determination R2 values in predicting the DBAS-16 total score. After measuring the R2 values for all possible combinations of six items, items 4, 5, 7, 11, 13, and 15 were chosen, exhibiting the highest R2 value. Based on these six items, we developed the DBAS-6, a data-driven shortened version of the DBAS-16. The DBAS-6 exhibited outstanding predictive ability, achieving the highest R2 value of 0.90 for predicting the DBAS-16 total score, surpassing that of a previously developed shortened version. Notably, the DBAS-6 efficiently encapsulates the core aspects of the DBAS-16 and demonstrates robust predictive power over heterogeneous test data samples with distinct statistical characteristics from the training data. CONCLUSION: With its concise format and high predictive accuracy, the DBAS-6 offers a practical tool for assessing dysfunctional beliefs about sleep in clinical settings.

Data-driven shortened Insomnia Severity Index (ISI): a machine learning approach.

BACKGROUND: The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a widely used questionnaire with seven items for identifying the risk of insomnia disorder. Although the ISI is still short, more shortened versions are emerging for repeated monitoring in routine clinical settings. In this study, we aimed to develop a data-driven shortened version of the ISI that accurately predicts the severity level of insomnia disorder. METHODS: We collected a sample of 800 responses from the EMBRAIN survey system. Based on the responses, seven items were grouped based on the similarity of their response using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). The most representative item within each group was selected by using eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). RESULTS: Based on the selected three key items, maintenance of sleep, interference with daily function, and concerns about sleep problems, we developed a data-driven shortened questionnaire of ISI, ISI-3 m (machine learning). ISI-3 m achieved the highest coefficient of determination ( R 2 = 0.910 ) for the ISI score prediction task and the accuracy of 0.965, precision of 0.841, and recall of 0.838 for the multiclass-classification task, outperforming four previous versions of the shortened ISI. CONCLUSION: As ISI-3 m is a highly accurate shortened version of the ISI, it allows clinicians to efficiently screen for insomnia and observe variations in the condition throughout the treatment process. Furthermore, the framework based on the combination of EFA and XGBoost developed in this study can be utilized to develop data-driven shortened versions of the other questionnaires.

Temperament Clusters in Patients With Panic Disorder in Relation to Character Maturity.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored whether temperament profiles are associated with psychological functioning and whether character maturity affects this association in patients with panic disorders (PD). METHODS: A total of 270 patients with PD were enrolled in this study. Measurements included the Temperament and Character Inventory-revised-short (TCI-RS), a self-report version of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR), Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Cluster analysis was used to define the patients' temperament profiles, and the differences in discrete variables among temperament clusters were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance. An analysis of covariance was conducted to control for the impact of character maturity on psychological functioning among clusters. RESULTS: We identified four temperament clusters of patients with PD. Significant differences in the PDSS-SR, BDI-II, STAI-state, and STAI-trait scores among the four clusters were detected [F(3, 262)=9.16, p<0.001; F(3, 266)=33.78, p<0.001; F(3, 266)=19.12, p<0.001; F(3, 266)=39.46, p<0.001]. However, after controlling for the effect of character maturity, the effect of cluster type was either eliminated or reduced ([STAI-state] cluster type: F(3, 262)=0.94, p>0.05; SD+CO: F(1, 262)=65.95, p<0.001, ηp2 =0.20). CONCLUSION: This study enabled a more comprehensive and integrated understanding of patients by exploring the configuration of all temperament dimensions together rather than each temperament separately. Furthermore, we revealed that depending on the degree of character maturity, the psychological functioning might differ even within the same temperament cluster. These results imply that character maturity can complement inherently vulnerable temperament expression.

Contribution of dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions on insomnia severity: a network perspective.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Various models of insomnia stress the role of cognitive components, such as dysfunctional sleep-related beliefs, in maintenance and exacerbation of insomnia. This study aimed to use network analysis to identify the particular beliefs that are central and have strong associations with insomnia severity. In addition, we aimed to use a relative importance network to map out predictive pathways between types of dysfunctional beliefs and insomnia severity. METHODS: This study was a retrospective study, with data collected from 219 patients with insomnia. Patients' responses to the Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep Scale-16 (DBAS-16) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were collected. All network analyses were performed using R Studio to produce 3 networks: (1) DBAS-16 network, (2) DBAS-16 and ISI network, and (3) relative importance network containing DBAS-16 subscales and ISI. RESULTS: Beliefs reflecting overestimation of negative consequences of sleep (eg, "insomnia is ruining life"), loss of ability (eg, "worry about losing abilities to sleep"), and unpredictability (eg, "can't predict sleep quality") were identified as most central and strongly associated with insomnia severity. Worry/helplessness about insomnia had the largest predictive value on insomnia severity, and also acted as a mediator between other subscales and insomnia severity. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that overestimation of negative consequences, loss of ability, and unpredictability are key beliefs that exacerbate and maintain insomnia, thus supporting existing cognitive models of insomnia. CITATION: Cha EJ, Hong S, Kim S, Chung S, Jeon HJ. Contribution of dysfunctional sleep-related cognitions on insomnia severity: a network perspective. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(5):743-751.

Psychometric Properties of the Insomnia Severity Index and Its Comparison With the Shortened Versions Among the General Population.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) based on modern test theory, such as item response theory (IRT) and Rasch analysis, with shortened versions of the ISI among the general population. METHODS: We conducted two studies to evaluate the reliability and validity of the shortened versions of the ISI in a Korean population. In Study I, conducted via online survey, we performed an exploratory factor analysis (n=400). In Study II, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted (n=400). IRT and Rasch analysis were performed on all samples. Participants symptoms were rated using the ISI, Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep-16 items, Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep-2 items, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items, and discrepancy between desired time in bed and desired total sleep time. RESULTS: CFA showed a good fit for the 2-factor model of the ISI (comparative fit index=0.994, Tucker-Lewis index=0.990, root-meansquare-error of approximation=0.039, and standardized root-mean-square residual=0.046). The 3-item versions also showed a good fit for the model. All scales showed good internal consistency reliability. The scale information curve of the 2-item scale was similar to that of the full-scale ISI. The Rasch analysis outputs suggested a good model fit. CONCLUSION: The shortened 2-factor ISI is a reliable and valid model for assessing the severity of insomnia in the Korean population. The results are needed to be explored further among the clinical sample of insomnia.

Central features in health-related quality of life in older adults: network analysis using nationwide survey data.

BACKGROUND: Population ageing is a global phenomenon that necessitates consideration of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in older adults. Previous studies have investigated related factors including mobility, social support and living situations. AIMS: This study aimed to provide a network perspective on factors related to HRQoL. METHOD: Cross-sectional nationwide data were obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2018 to 2020 for network analyses. Data for participants aged 65 years or above were analysed, resulting in a total of 4317 eligible cases. The variables included were EQ-5D (a measure of HRQoL), household income, education, living situation, subjective perceived health, Charlson Comorbidity Index (a measure of medical comorbidities), stress, exercise per week, alcohol consumption and smoking. Three networks were produced: (a) EQ-5D dimensions network, (2) EQ-5D dimensions, lifestyle and psychosocial factors network, and (3) overall EQ-5D index, lifestyle and psychosocial factors network. Node centralities, bridge centralities and edges of the networks were examined. RESULTS: The most central EQ-5D dimension was the ability to carry out usual activities. In the second network, subjective health, stress and anxiety/depression were revealed as nodes with high bridge centralities. Subjective health, exercise, and Charlson Comorbidity Index were nodes closely linked to the overall EQ-5D index. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasise the importance of enhancing functional independence and subjective health cognition, increasing routine exercise and reducing stress as targets for interventions to improve HRQoL in older adults.

Tat-CCT2 Protects the Neurons from Ischemic Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Activating Autophagic Removal of Damaged Protein in the Gerbil Hippocampus.

CCT2 is a eukaryotic chaperonin TCP-1 ring complex subunit that mediates protein folding, autophagosome incorporation, and protein aggregation. In this study, we investigated the effects of CCT on oxidative and ischemic damage using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. The Tat-CCT2 fusion protein was efficiently delivered into HT22 cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, and the delivered protein was gradually degraded in HT22 cells. Incubation with Tat-CCT2 significantly ameliorated the 200 µM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced reduction in cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and 8 µM Tat-CCT2 treatment significantly alleviated H2O2-induced DNA fragmentation and reactive oxygen species formation in HT22 cells. In gerbils, CCT2 protein was efficiently delivered into pyramidal cells in CA1 region by intraperitoneally injecting 0.5 mg/kg Tat-CCT2, as opposed to control CCT2. In addition, treatment with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg Tat-CCT2 mitigated ischemia-induced hyperlocomotive activity 1 d after ischemia and confirmed the neuroprotective effects by NeuN immunohistochemistry in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 d after ischemia. Tat-CCT2 treatment significantly reduced the ischemia-induced activation of astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampal CA1 region 4 d after ischemia. Furthermore, treatment with 0.2 or 0.5 mg/kg Tat-CCT2 facilitated ischemia-induced autophagic activity and ameliorated ischemia-induced autophagic initiation in the hippocampus 1 d after ischemia based on western blotting for LC3B and Beclin-1, respectively. Levels of p62, an autophagic substrate, significantly increased in the hippocampus following treatment with Tat-CCT2. These results suggested that Tat-CCT2 exerts neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and ischemic damage by promoting the autophagic removal of damaged proteins or organelles.

Development of a Guideline for Antipsychotic-induced Hyperprolactinemia in Korea Using the ADAPTE Process.

Objective: To develop an evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia by adapting existing high-quality clinical guidelines with a view to improve the clinical symptoms and long-term quality of life of patients by providing appropriate management. Methods: This guideline was developed according to the ADAPTE methodology. The adaptation process included determining key health questions, systematically searching and screening guidelines, evaluating the quality and contents of these guidelines, deriving recommendations for key questions, and performing a peer review. The selection criteria for the guideline search were (1) evidence-based guidelines, (2) published within the last 5 years, and (3) written in English or Korean. Results: After evaluating the quality and content, we finally selected three guidelines for adaptation. The final output of the development process was 25 recommendations for 10 key questions. We adopted the Agency for Health Research Quality methodology and presented the level of evidence from levels I to IV. In addition, we defined the recommendation grades from grade A (strongly recommended) to D (no recommendation) based on the level of evidence and clinical significance of the recommendation. Conclusion: The development and dissemination of the adapted guideline is expected to increase the certainty of medical decision making and improve the quality of medical care. Further studies on the effectiveness and applicability of the developed guideline are necessary.

Blood-brain barrier breakdown is linked to tau pathology and neuronal injury in a differential manner according to amyloid deposition.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown has been suggested as an early marker for Alzheimer's disease (AD); yet the relationship between BBB breakdown and AD-specific biomarkers based on the amyloid/tau/neurodegeneration framework is not clear. This study investigated the relationship between BBB permeability, AD-specific biomarkers, and cognition in patients with cognitive impairment. In this prospective study, we enrolled 62 participants with mild cognitive impairment or dementia between January 2019 and October 2020. All participants were assessed through cognitive tests, amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for BBB permeability (Ktrans), cerebrospinal fluid studies for Aß42/40 ratio, phosphorylated-tau Thr181 protein (p-tau), total tau protein (t-tau), and structural MRI for neurodegeneration. In amyloid PET (+) group, higher cortical Ktrans was associated with lower Aß40 (r = -0.529 p = 0.003), higher Aß42/40 ratio (r = 0.533, p = 0.003), lower p-tau (r = -0.452, p = 0.014) and lower hippocampal volume (r = -0.438, p = 0.017). In contrast, cortical Ktrans was positively related to t-tau level. (r = 0.489, p = 0.004) in amyloid PET (-) group. Our results suggest that BBB permeability is related to AD-specific biomarkers, but the relationship can vary by the presence of Aß plaque accumulation.

Identifying the Bridge Between Anxiety Response to COVID-19 and Depression Symptoms in General Population: A Network Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested links between anxiety response to the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) and depression symptoms in general population. However, a symptom-level investigation has not been reported. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use network analysis to identify central symptoms and bridge symptoms that link COVID-19 anxiety and depression. METHODS: Data from 1788 participants were analyzed. Coronavirus anxiety and depression symptoms were measured using the Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items Scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, respectively. Network analysis was performed using R. RESULTS: The results revealed 'thoughts of suicide or self-harm' from Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and 'worry about others avoiding me' from Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Items Scale as bridge symptoms. Findings suggest direct relationship between fear of social isolation and thoughts of suicide or self-harm. 'Feeling tired with little energy' and 'trouble concentrating' are strongly linked to 'thoughts of suicide or self-harm', suggesting these symptoms as risk factors for suicidal or self-injurious thoughts during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest fear of social isolation as a risk factor for developing thoughts of suicide or self-harm. These results should be taken into account during evaluation of risk of suicide or mental health interventions for the pandemic.

First-Pass Recanalization with EmboTrap II in Acute Ischemic Stroke (FREE-AIS): A Multicenter Prospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of EmboTrap II in terms of first-pass recanalization and to determine whether it could yield favorable outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this multicenter, prospective study, we consecutively enrolled patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy using EmboTrap II as a front-line device. The primary outcome was the first pass effect (FPE) rate defined by modified Thrombolysis In Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) grade 2c or 3 by the first pass of EmboTrap II. In addition, modified FPE (mFPE; mTICI grade 2b-3 by the first pass of EmboTrap II), successful recanalization (final mTICI grade 2b-3), and clinical outcomes were assessed. We also analyzed the effect of FPE on a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0-2 at 3 months. RESULTS: Two hundred-ten patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 73.3 ± 11.4 years; male, 55.7%) were included. Ninety-nine patients (47.1%) had FPE, and mFPE was achieved in 150 (71.4%) patients. Successful recanalization was achieved in 191 (91.0%) patients. Among them, 164 (85.9%) patients underwent successful recanalization by exclusively using EmboTrap II. The time from groin puncture to FPE was 25.0 minutes (interquartile range, 17.0-35.0 minutes). Procedure-related complications were observed in seven (3.3%) patients. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage developed in 14 (6.7%) patients. One hundred twenty-three (58.9% of 209 completely followed) patients had an mRS score of 0-2. Sixteen (7.7% of 209) patients died during the follow-up period. Patients who had successful recanalization with FPE were four times more likely to have an mRS score of 0-2 than those who had successful recanalization without FPE (adjusted odds ratio, 4.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.59-10.8; p = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Mechanical thrombectomy using the front-line EmboTrap II is effective and safe. In particular, FPE rates were high. Achieving FPE was important for an mRS score of 0-2, even in patients with successful recanalization.

Network structure of insomnia symptoms in shift workers compared to non-shift workers.

Insomnia is a commonly occurring sleep problem in shift workers. So far, no studies have investigated how insomnia symptoms present differently in shift workers and non-shift workers. The purpose of this study was to compare the network structures and centrality indices of shift and non-shift workers using network analysis and network comparison test. Participants included 1339 hospital employees, where 542 were shift workers and 797 were non-shift workers. Overall, a significant difference between network structures were observed. In particular, daytime dysfunction emerged as a strongly connected symptom in shift workers, as evidenced by strength centrality. Increased use of sleeping medication and decreased habitual sleep efficiency were more strongly associated with increased daytime dysfunction in shift workers. Sleep latency and sleep quality were also more strongly linked in shift workers. These results are in part attributable to differing causes of insomnia in shift and non-shift workers. Furthermore, the results indicate that shift workers are more vulnerable and susceptible to changes in sleep-related indices, such as sleep efficiency and latency. The findings suggest that certain insomnia symptoms are more consequential in shift workers, emphasizing the need for a differentiated approach in treating insomnia according to shift work.

The Mediating Role of Depression Severity on the Relationship Between Suicidal Ideation and Self-Injury in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder.

Objectives: Suicide is the leading cause of death among adolescents in South Korea, and depression and personality profiles have been identified as significant risk factors for self-injurious behavior. This study examined the influence of depressive mood and temperament/ character on self-injury in adolescents. Methods: A total of 116 adolescents (aged 12-18 years) with a primary diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and their parents were enrolled in this study. The participants were divided into three groups based on adolescent's self-injury frequency, and their Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Youth Self-Report (YSR), and Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) scores were compared. Finally, mediation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between suicidal ideation and self-injury. Results: Of study participants, 75.9% answered that they had suicidal ideation, and 55.2% answered that they had engaged in self-injurious behavior in the last six months. There were significant differences in CDI and suicidal ideation among the groups. After adjusting for age and sex, mediation analysis indicated that depressive mood mediated the relationship between suicidal ideation and self-injury. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating and managing depressive mood severity in adolescents with MDD as these factors partially mediate the transition from suicidal ideation to self-injury.

Association between Heart Rate Variability Indices and Depressed Mood in Patients with Panic Disorder.

Objective: Heart rate variability (HRV) reflects the regulation of the autonomic nervous system. Panic disorder is highly associated with autonomic dysfunction, and is often accompanied by depression. The aim of this study is to determine the association between depression and HRV indices in patients with panic disorder. Methods: A total of 110 outpatients diagnosed with panic disorder participated in this study. The medical records of patients with panic disorder who visited the outpatient clinic of Konkuk University Hospital between December 2018 and March 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Measurements used in this study include the Panic Disorder Severity Scale-Self Report, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Insomnia Severity Index, and HRV. Patients were divided into depressive and non-depressive groups based on their BDI-II scores. The association between HRV indices and depressive symptoms was statistically analyzed. Results: The low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio was reduced in patients with depression (mean = -0.095, p = 0.004 in the above moderate depressive group, mean = -0.120, p = 0.020 in the severe depressive group). Significant correlations were found between depressive symptoms and standard deviation of NN interval (SDNN) (ms) (-0.19, p = 0.044), very low frequency (VLF) (ms2/Hz) (-0.22, p = 0.021), LF (-0.25, p = 0.008), HF (-0.19, p = 0.043), and LF/HF (-0.25, p = 0.009). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that BDI predicted SDNN (ms), VLF (ms2/Hz), LF, HF, and LF/HF. Conclusion: We confirmed that the LF/HF ratio decreases when depression is accompanied by panic disorder. HRV indices may be useful markers for detecting depressive symptoms in patients with panic disorder.

Differences in temperament and character inventory (TCI) profile between suicidal and nonsuicidal psychiatric outpatients.

The purpose of this study was to identify personality traits associated with suicide attempt in a clinical sample. Temperament and character inventory (TCI) profiles of 759 patients who met the inclusion criteria among 1000 randomly selected hospital records collected. Of these 759 patients, 103 had a history of at least 1 actual suicide attempt (suicidal group) whereas 656 had no such history (nonsuicidal group). The suicidal group showed higher scores of novelty seeking (mean ± SD: 36.1 ± 1.2 vs 33.3 ± 0.5; P = .026) and harm avoidance (57.1 ± 1.5 vs 53.0 ± 0.6; P = .01) but lower scores of self-directedness (27.5 ± 1.5 vs 34.4 ± 0.6; P < .001) than the nonsuicidal group. Higher novelty seeking (OR [95% CI]: 1.031 [1.008-1.054]; P = .007) and lower self-directedness: 0.955 [0.927-0.983]; P = .002 were also associated with suicide attempts in the analysis of 7 personality scales. These findings suggest that patients who attempt suicide differ from nonattempters in terms of personality traits, especially in novelty seeking (NS), harm avoidance (HA), and self-directedness (SD). It is noteworthy that this study contains data from actual visits to the emergency room to evaluate suicide attempts. Abbreviations: CO = cooperativeness, Ha = harm avoidance, NS = novelty seeking, PS = persistence, RD = reward dependence, SD = self-directedness, ST = self-transcendence, TCI = temperament and character inventory.

Vulnerable individuals and changes in suicidal behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic poses a major threat to mental health and is associated with an increased risk of suicide. An understanding of suicidal behaviours during the pandemic is necessary for establishing policies to prevent suicides in such social conditions. AIMS: We aimed to investigate vulnerable individuals and the characteristics of changes in suicidal behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with suicide attempts who visited the emergency department from February 2019 to January 2021. We analysed the demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors and rescue factors of patients, and compared the findings between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. RESULTS: In total, 519 patients were included. During the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods, 303 and 270 patients visited the emergency department after a suicide attempt, respectively. The proportion of suicide attempts by women (60.1% v. 69.3%, P = 0.035) and patients with a previous psychiatric illness (63.4% v. 72.9%, P = 0.006) increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, patients' rescue scores during the pandemic were lower than those during the pre-pandemic period (12 (interquartile range: 11-13) v. 13 (interquartile range: 12-14), P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Women and people with previous psychiatric illnesses were more vulnerable to suicide attempts during the COVID-19 pandemic. Suicide prevention policies, such as continuous monitoring and staying in touch with vulnerable individuals, are necessary to cope with suicide risk.

Updated Genome-Wide Association Study of Intracranial Aneurysms by Genotype Correction and Imputation in Koreans.

OBJECTIVE: Compared to European, Japanese, and Chinese populations, genetic studies on intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in Koreans are lacking. We conducted an updated genome-wide association study (GWAS) to more accurately identify candidate variations predicting IA by genotype correction and imputation than in the first Korean GWAS. METHODS: We performed a high-throughput imputation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genotype missing values for 250 IA and 296 controls. Out of a total of 7,333,746 sites with an imputation R2 score of ≥0.5, 6,105,212 SNPs were analyzed. A high-throughput GWAS was performed after adjusting for clinical variables and 4 principal component analysis values. RESULTS: A total of 39 SNPs reached a significant genome-wide threshold (P < 5 × 10-8). After pruning by pairwise linkage disequilibrium (r2 < 0.8), 11 SNPs were consistently associated with IA. Six tagging SNPs, including rs3120004, rs1851347, rs1522095, rs7779989, rs12935558, rs3826442, and rs2440154, showed strong linkage disequilibrium tower tagging haplotype structures. Among them, rs3120004 tagged a large and strong haplotype structure between LOC440704 and RGS18 genes in 1q31.2 (odds ratio, 2.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.74-3.14; P = 1.4 × 10-8). The rs2440154 (SLC47A1, 17p11.2) SNP increased the risk of IA most significantly (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% confidence interval, 2.07-4.08; P = 8.2 × 10-10). The region encompassing rs3826442 (MYH13, 17p13.1) showed a high recombination rate of approximately 70 cM/Mbp. CONCLUSIONS: Our updated GWAS using high-throughput imputation approaches can be an informative milestone in understanding IA formation via susceptibility loci in this stage before large-scale genome-wide association meta-analysis.

The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep-related problems in adults and elderly citizens: An infodemiology study using relative search volume data.

COVID-19 has had a substantial national impact in South Korea, causing negative psychological responses including sleep-related problems. Literature indicates sleep problems among the general population have been reported to be as high as around 35.7% during the first 8 months of COVID-19. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep problems among the general population using relative search volume (RSV) data, and whether there are any differences by age and time periods spanning before and during the pandemic. RSV data was collected from the most commonly used search engine in South Korea, NAVER. Search terms were grouped into 4 categories: insomnia, other sleep disorders, sleeping pills, and sleeping pill side effects. Time points were divided into 4 periods, each 7 months long: 7 months before COVID-19 (T0), first confirmed COVID-19 case to 7 months after (T1), 7 to 14 months (T2), and 14 to 21 months (T3). A 2x4 factorial Analysis of Variance was conducted to investigate main effects and interactions between age and time periods. Main effects and interaction effects of age and time periods were significant for all search term groups. For all search terms, both age groups showed dramatic increase from T0 to T1. In age group 60 or above, RSV continued to increase for other sleep disorders and sleeping pill. Insomnia and sleeping pill side effects showed decreasing trend at T3. In general, sudden increase in RSV after occurrence of COVID-19 followed by slow decline were observed. However, for age group 60 or above, RSV values of other sleep disorders and sleeping pills continued to increase, suggesting slower recovery of psychological impact with increasing age. Overall, the results underscore the importance of implementing preventive measures for monitoring sleep problems during the pandemic, especially in the elderly.

Central Symptoms of Insomnia in Relation to Depression and COVID-19 Anxiety in General Population: A Network Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Insomnia is prevalent among the general population, and studies have shown an increase in insomnia symptoms during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite numerous studies of insomnia, few studies have investigated insomnia symptoms in detail. In this study, we used network analysis to investigate interactions between insomnia symptoms in the general population. Furthermore, given the effect of COVID-19 on mental health, we also investigated how anxiety response to COVID-19 and depression related to insomnia symptoms. METHODS: Data from 785 non-infected participants were used. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 Scale (SAVE-6), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to measure insomnia symptoms, anxiety response to COVID-19, and depression, respectively. Network analysis was performed using R Studio. Centrality indices and edge weights were obtained, and each index was evaluated using bootstrapping methods. RESULTS: The network revealed ISI7 (worry about current sleep pattern) to be the most central insomnia symptom. ISI7 was strongly connected to SAVE-6 total score, and ISI2 (difficulty staying asleep) was strongly connected to PHQ-9 total score. CONCLUSION: High centrality of ISI7 supports the role of dysfunctional cognitions in etiological models of insomnia and thus the cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. The relationship between ISI7 and SAVE-6 is explained by transposition of worry and fear of contracting COVID-19 to worry about sleep patterns. The link between ISI2 and PHQ-9 necessitate further investigations of whether specific symptoms of insomnia are more associated with depression.