Temporal Changes in Demography and Genetic Diversity of Oriental Storks at the Stage of Long-Term Captive Propagation and Reintroduction Initiation.

Captive propagation and reintroduction are the major steps in the ex-situ conservation of locally extirpated endangered species in a historical region. In a species restoration project conducted in South Korea, we examined temporal changes in demographics and genetic diversity of oriental storks (Ciconia boyciana). Demographic and genetic data from 1996-2018 were analyzed for 80% of all captive and recently reintroduced individuals. Founder establishment and pair formation induced increases in population size and genetic diversity during the early stage of captive propagation. The degree of genetic diversity was found to become saturated and stable with long-term captive propagation. However, this might be a concern for future genetic diversity of both captive and reintroduced populations simultaneously due to the extraction of captive populations at the early stage of reintroduction. Our findings suggest that periodic evaluation of genetic diversity and selection for releasing individuals, using effective genetic markers, would assist in balancing the genetic diversity of the captive and reintroduced oriental storks at the early stage of reintroduction.

Phylogenetic relationships between three Korean pit viper Gloydius (Serpentes: Crotalinae) species using mitochondrial DNA genes.

BACKGROUND: Molecular phylogenetic studies of the Asian pit viper genus Gloydius have been widely published in Asia, but Korea population have not been conducted till date. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of three Gloydius species (G. saxatilis, G. brevicaudus, and G. ussuriensis) from Korea with other Gloydius species, based on Cytochrome b and ND4. METHODS: We compared 160 samples representing the three species with those of 17 reference species and their phylogenetic status and genetic diversity were analyzed with concatenated sequences of two mitochondrial DNA. RESULTS: Korean G. brevicaudus and G. saxatilis showed high haplotype diversity and relatively low and moderate nucleotide diversity, respectively. Although G. ussuriensis showed high genetic diversity, it was low in the Baengnyeong Island population. The phylogenetic tree represented two major lineages. One major lineage comprised G. ussuriensis, G. tsushimaensis, G. blomhoffii, and G. brevicaudus. The Chinese G. ussuriensis belonged to the same clade as the Korean G. ussuriensis and was closely related to the Baengnyeong Island population. Moreover, G. tsushimaensis was closely related to G. ussuriensis from southwestern Korean and Jeju Island populations. The other major lineage comprised the remaining 12 species and G. saxatilis. Korean G. saxatilis was closely related to G. saxatilis, G. shedanoensis, and G. intermedius from China. CONCLUSION: The phylogenetic status of the Korean Gloydius species in comparison with the other Gloydius species was identified. We suggesting the conservation management unit for the Baengnyeong Island population, while the current conservation status of Korean G. saxatilis is suggested to be revised to a higher level.

Complete mitochondrial genome of Gloydius saxatilis (Viperidae: Crotalinae) from Korea.

In this study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of Gloydius saxatilis using Illumina next-generation sequencing. The total length of the mitogenome was 17,223 bp, and contained 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs), two non-coding control regions (CRs), and the origin of light (OL)-strand replication. The genome structure and order of the genes were similar to other Crotalinae species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 13 concatenated PCGs indicated that G. saxatilis closely related to G. intermedius and, G. shedaoensis.

Complete mitochondrial genome of two shorebirds (Charadriiformes: Scolopacidae), great knot (Calidris tenuirostris) and bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica).

The mitochondrial genome of Calidris tenuirostris and Limosa lapponica were described using the whole mitochondrial genome obtained from Illumina Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. Total length of the mitogenome of C. tenuirostris was 16,732bp with slight A+T bias (55.3%). Genome size of L. lapponica was 16,773bp long and A+T biased (56.3%). Both gemones consisting of 2 rRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes and 1 non-coding regions. This is the first report of complete mitogenomes of these two shorebird species, (C. tenuirostris and of L. lapponica). We observed paraphyletic relationship among the species in the Family Scolopacidae. Also our result showed analogous patterns with the previous studies on the parallel relationships of shorebird species. This study provides basic genetic information for help in understanding phylogenetic relationships . within the Charadriiformes.

A core set of microsatellite loci for yellow-throated marten, Martes flavigula: a case of inferences of family relationships.

BACKGROUND: Microsatellite markers are an ideal molecular marker for population genetic studies such as population structure, pedigree, and kinship. The yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) is widely distributed in coniferous and deciduous forests of eastern Asia and plays the role of an indicator and umbrella species in South Korea, given the absence of top predators such as tiger and leopard. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to establish a core set of microsatellite markers that could be used for a population genetics study on M. flavigula. METHODS: We characterized 21 di-motif microsatellites for M. flavigula by Illumina next-generation sequencing. We evaluated them for a population genetics study against five established criteria together with 33 previously developed microsatellites. We calculated relatedness values between individual yellow-throated martens in two groups that were suspected to be siblings using the selected core set of markers to confirm applicability. RESULTS: Twenty-three loci were determined as the core set of microsatellite markers. The probability of identity P(ID) and probability of identity between siblings P(ID)sib of the core set was estimated as 2-15 and 2.2-7, respectively. Relatedness values between individuals in the two groups of M. flavigula revealed that one of the pairs was sisters, confirming that the core set can be applied to kinship studies. CONCLUSION: The developed microsatellite core set in this study is expected to contribute to studies on molecular ecology and population structure of M. flavigula.

The mitochondrial genome of the goosander (Mergus merganser) determined using next-generation sequencing.

We report here the complete mitochondrial genome of Mergus merganser, which was determined using Illumina next-generation sequencing. The complete mitogenome is 16,631 bp, with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. The order and structure of the genes are similar to those of other Anatinae species. The overall base composition of the mitogenome is 28.7% (A), 21.8% (T), 16.0% (G), and 33.2% (C), with AT contents of 50.7%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 13 concatenated PCG sequences indicated that M. merganser is closely related to M. squamatus (HQ833701 and NC016723) with high bootstrap values (100%).

Correction: Cytochrome P450 1B1 inhibition suppresses tumorigenicity of prostate cancer via caspase-1 activation.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16598.].

Cytochrome P450 1B1 inhibition suppresses tumorigenicity of prostate cancer via caspase-1 activation.

Cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is recognized as a universal tumor biomarker and a feasible therapeutic target due to its specific overexpression in cancer tissues. Despite its up-regulation in prostate cancer (PCa), biological significance and clinicopathological features of CYP1B1 are still elusive. Here, we show that overexpression or hyperactivation of CYP1B1 stimulated proliferative, migratory and invasive potential of non-tumorigenic PCa cells. Attenuation of CYP1B1 with its specific small hairpin (sh) RNAs greatly reduced proliferation through apoptotic cell death and impaired migration and invasion in PCa cells. Intratumoral injection of CYP1B1 shRNA attenuated growth of pre-existing tumors. The antitumor effect of CYP1B1 shRNA was also observed in prostate tumor xenograft mouse models. Among the genes altered by CYP1B1 knockdown, reduction of caspase-1 (CASP1) activity attenuated the antitumor effect of CYP1B1 inhibition. Indeed, CYP1B1 regulates CASP1 expression or activity. Finally, CYP1B1 expression was increased in higher grades of PCa and overall survival was significantly reduced in patients with high levels of CYP1B1 protein. CYP1B1 expression was reversely associated with CASP1 expression in clinical tissue samples. Together, our results demonstrate that CYP1B1 regulates PCa tumorigenesis by inhibiting CASP1 activation. Thus, the CYP1B1-CASP1 axis may be useful as a potential biomarker and a therapeutic target for PCa.

The Influence of Stress on Juvenile Delinquency: Focusing on the Buffering Effects of Protective Factors among Korean Adolescents.

The present study sought to examine self-control, parental support, and peer support as internal and external protective factors that buffer the influence of adolescent stress on delinquency among Korean adolescents. To this end, the paper utilized the 1st-year data from the Korea Youth Panel Study (KYPS) conducted by the National Youth Policy Institute; the study surveyed a total of 3,449 2nd-year middle school students. The results of the hierarchical regression analysis indicated that despite high levels of stress, high self-control mitigated the negative influence of stress on delinquency in adolescents. In contrast, parental and peer support were only found to be directly influential on juvenile delinquency. Parental support had only negative influences on status delinquency, and peer support had positive influences on both status and serious delinquency. Based on these results, we propose implications for preventing and intervening with juvenile delinquency.

Inhibitory effect of curcumin on testosterone induced benign prostatic hyperplasia rat model.

BACKGROUND: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the common male diseases, which is provoked by dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androgen signals. Several studies showed that curcumin has various effects of prevention and treatment to diseases. We investigated whether curcumin may repress the development of BPH in male Wistar rats. METHODS: Seven weeks male Wistar rats were and divided into 4 groups (normal group, BPH group, finasteride group, curcumin group; n = 8 for each group). In order to induce BPH in rats, rats were castrated and testosterone was injected subcutaneously everyday (s.c., 20 mg/kg). Rats in the curcumin group were treated 50 mg/kg, administered orally for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, all rats were sacrificed and their prostate and serum were analyzed. RESULTS: Compared to the finasteride group as positive group, the curcumin group showed similarly protective effect on BPH in histopathologic morphology, prostate volume. Results of immunohistochemistry and western-blot showed decreased expressions of VEGF, TGF-ß1, and IGF1 were also decreased in the curcumin group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that curcumin inhibited the development of BPH and might a useful herbal treatment or functional food for BPH.

Association studies of cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) gene polymorphisms with acute rejection in kidney transplantation recipients.

Recent studies have shown that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with allograft rejection in kidney transplantation recipients. We evaluated the possible association between SNPs of the cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily E, polypeptide 1 (CYP2E1) gene, and acute rejection (AR) among renal transplant patients in a Korean population. We conducted a case-control association study in 63 AR and 284 non-AR kidney transplant recipients. The SNPs of CYP2E1 were genotyped by direct sequencing. Recipient sex (p = 0.023) and the use of tacrolimus (p = 0.017) were significantly different between the two groups. The use of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and antibody induction therapy was significantly lower in the AR group. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models) adjusted by sex and type of immunosuppressive regimens were applied to determine the odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. The rs2515641 of CYP2E1 showed significant differences between the AR patient group and non-AR group (p = 0.003, OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.37-4.75 in the codominant 1 model; p = 0.002, OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 1.43-4.77 in the dominant model; p = 0.0035, OR = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.29-3.50 in the log-additive model). The allele of the rs2515641 SNP also showed a significant association (p = 0.004, OR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.24-3.21). This study suggests that the CYP2E1 polymorphism may be related to the development of AR in Korean kidney transplantation recipients.

Association study between monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia: lack of association with schizophrenia and possible association with affective disturbances of schizophrenia.

Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) catalyzes monoamine neurotransmitters including dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), and norepinephrine. MAOA also plays a key role in emotional regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between the exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MAOA gene located on the X chromosome and schizophrenia. We also analyzed the relationships between these SNPs and the common clinical symptoms of schizophrenia such as persecutory delusion, auditory hallucinations, affective disturbances, and poor concentration. Two hundred seventy five Korean schizophrenia patients and 289 control subjects were recruited. Three SNPs [rs6323 (Arg294Arg), rs1137070 (Asp470Asp), and rs3027407 (3'-untranslated region)] of the MAOA gene were selected and genotyped by direct sequencing. The common clinical symptoms of schizophrenia according to the Operation Criteria Checklist were analyzed. Three examined SNPs showed no associations with male and female schizophrenia, respectively (p>0.05). In the analysis of the common clinical symptoms of schizophrenia patients, three examined SNPs were associated with affective disturbances, especially restricted affect and blunted affect in male schizophrenia, respectively (restricted affect, p=0.002, OR=2.71, 95% CI 1.45-5.00; blunted affect, p=0.009, OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.22-4.12). The SNPs were not associated with other clinical symptoms of schizophrenia (persecutory delusion, auditory hallucinations, and poor concentration). These results suggest that exonic SNPs (rs6323, rs1137070, and rs3027407) of the MAOA gene may be contributed to affective disturbances of Korean males schizophrenia, especially restricted affect and blunted affect.

Association of HSPA1B SNP rs6457452 with Alopecia Areata in the Korean population.

The heat shock 70 kDa protein 1B (HSPA1B), which has been well-studied among the famous heat shock proteins HSPA1A/B/L, is related to autoimmune diseases, including Alopecia Areata (AA). In this study, the association of a 5'-untranslated region (5'UTR) SNP rs6457452 and a promoter SNP rs2763979 (-1140C > T) of HSPA1B with AA was investigated in 236 controls and 228 AA patients. Statistical analyses using the multiple logistic models were done, according to the onset and the clinical features of AA, including the age of onset, family history, type of AA lesion, nail involvement and body hair involvement. The results showed that rs6457452 was associated with the onset of AA (p < 0.002). In the analysis of clinical features of AA, rs6457452 was weakly related to the age of onset (p ≤ 0.04) and that rs2763979 was only weakly related to the type of AA lesion (p = 0.041). In conclusion, we suggest that the 5'UTR SNP rs6457452 of HSPA1B may be associated with the onset of AA and the T allele of rs6457452 may confer the reduced susceptibility to AA in the Korean population.

Missense polymorphisms in XIAP-associated factor-1 (XAF1) and risk of papillary thyroid cancer: correlation with clinicopathological features.

X-Linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP)-associated factor-1 (XAF1) antagonizes XIAP-mediated caspase inhibition. XAF1 also serves as a tumor-suppressor gene, and loss of XAF1 expression correlates with tumor progression. This study investigated whether XAF1 missense single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are associated with the development of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and their clinicopathological features in a Korean population. Eighty-nine cases of PTC and 276 controls were enrolled. Two missense SNPs [rs34195599 (Glu85Gly) and rs2271232 (Arg132His)] in XAF1 were genotyped using direct sequencing. The SNPStats, SNPAnalyzer, Helixtree, and Haploview version 4.2 programs were used to evaluate genetic data. Multiple logistic regression models were used to determine odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and p-values. Missense SNP rs34195599 was weakly-associated with the development of PTC (p=0.046 in genotypic distributions; p=0.048 in allelic distributions). For the clinicopathological features, rs34195599 was strongly related to multifocality [unifocality (A/G, 1.7%) vs. multifocality (A/G, 16.7%), OR=11.44, 95% CI=1.27-103.26, p=0.015 in genotypic distributions] [unifocality (G, 0.8%) vs. multifocality (G, 8.3%), OR=10.64, 95% CI=1.21-93.23, p=0.017 in allelic distributions] and location [one lobe (A/G, 1.6%) vs. both lobes (A/G, 19.2%), OR=15.63, 95% CI=1.62-150.46, p=0.008 in genotypic distributions] [one lobe (G, 0.8%) vs. both lobes (G, 9.6%), OR=13.30, 95% CI=1.51-116.82, p=0.009 in allelic distributions]. Our data suggest that the G allele of rs34195599 of XAF1 may be a risk factor for the clinicopathological features of PTC, especially for multifocality and location (both lobes).

Assessment of the correlation between TIMP4 SNPs and schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders.

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are involved in synaptic plasticity, neuronal cell differentiation and neuroprotection in the central nervous system. To investigate whether TIMP4 polymorphisms are associated with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), 480 patients (schizophrenia, n=287; ASDs, n=193) and 296 controls were enrolled. Clinical symptoms of schizophrenia and ASDs were assessed using the operation criteria checklist for psychotic illness (OPCRIT) and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), respectively. One promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs3755724, -55C/T) and one exonic SNP (rs17035945, 3'-untranslated region) were selected. SNPStats and SNPAnalyzer Pro programs were used to calculate odds ratios. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to analyze the genetic data. Based on the results, these two SNPs were not associated with schizophrenia and ASD. In the analysis of clinical features of schizophrenia, rs3755724 was nominally associated with schizophrenia with poor concentration (P=0.044 in the codominant2 model, P=0.041 in the log-additive model and P=0.043 in allele frequency). These results suggest that TIMP4 is not associated with the development of schizophrenia and ASD in the population studied.

Association between regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2 gene polymorphisms and degenerative lumbar scoliosis.

Degenerative lumbar scoliosis (DLS) is a spinal deformity that develops after skeletal maturity and progresses with age. In contrast to adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, the genetic association of DLS has not yet been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between regulating synaptic membrane exocytosis 2 (RIMS2, OBOE) gene polymorphisms and DLS. Two coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms [rs2028945 (Gln1200Gln) and rs10461 (Ala1327Ala)] of RIMS2 were selected and genotyped by direct sequencing. As a result, the rs10461 was associated with DLS in allele frequencies (P=0.008) and genotype distributions (P=0.006 in the codominant model, 0.018 in the dominant model and 0.029 in the recessive model). In the analysis of haplotypes, two haplotypes exhibited significant differences between the control and DLS groups (CC haplotype, P=0.009 in the codominant model, 0.038 in the dominant model and 0.030 in the recessive model; CT haplotype, P=0.041 in the codominant model and 0.021 in the dominant model). These findings suggest that RIMS2 may be associated with the development of DLS.

Clusterin induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathways in monocytes/macrophages.

Most solid tumor tissues possess a significant population of macrophages, which are known to be closely linked with tumor progression and metastasis. Clusterin has been reported to be overexpressed in various tumors and to have a tumor-promoting role. As clusterin induction and macrophage infiltration occur concurrently at the tumor site, it raises a possibility that clusterin may regulate the function of macrophages via facilitating ECM remodeling. Here, we demonstrate for the first time the expression of MMP-9 by clusterin in human primary monocytes as well as human and murine macrophage cell lines, THP-1, and Raw264.7. MMP-9 expression was accompanied by increased enzymatic activity, as revealed by gelatin zymography. The MMP-9 activity promoted by clusterin was found to be dependent on the activation of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt but not p38 or JNK pathways. Inhibition of PI3K activity did not affect the activation of ERK1/2 and vice versa, indicating that the two pathways were independently operated to stimulate MMP-9 activity. Moreover, clusterin facilitated nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 along with IκB-α degradation and phosphorylation, which was critical for MMP-9 expression. As NF-κB is a central regulator of inflammation, clusterin may provide a molecular link between inflammation and cancer via up-regulating NF-κB and MMP-9. Collectively, these data highlight a novel role of clusterin as a stimulator for MMP-9 expression in macrophages, which may contribute to the tissue reorganization by serving as a modulator for ECM degradation.

Phosphorylation and concomitant structural changes in human 2-Cys peroxiredoxin isotype I differentially regulate its peroxidase and molecular chaperone functions.

The H2O2-catabolizing peroxidase activity of human peroxiredoxin I (hPrxI) was previously shown to be regulated by phosphorylation of Thr90. Here, we show that hPrxI forms multiple oligomers with distinct secondary structures. HPrxI is a dual function protein, since it can behave either as a peroxidase or as a molecular chaperone. The effects of phosphorylation of hPrxI on its protein structure and dual functions were determined using site-directed mutagenesis, in which the phosphorylation site was substituted with aspartate to mimic the phosphorylated status of the protein (T90D-hPrxI). Phosphorylation of the protein induces significant changes in its protein structure from low molecular weight (MW) protein species to high MW protein complexes as well as its dual functions. In contrast to the wild type (WT)- and T90A-hPrxI, the T90D-hPrxI exhibited a markedly reduced peroxidase activity, but showed about sixfold higher chaperone activity than WT-hPrxI.