Child and adolescent participation measurement tools and their translations: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Numerous participation measurement tools targeting children and youth have been developed. Despite the translation of these tools into specific languages and cultures, the reliability and validity of the translated versions remain uncertain. To address this gap in knowledge, this study aims to identify tools for assessing the participation of children aged 5-18 years and to appraise the psychometric properties of their translated versions. METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched for peer-reviewed studies published in English. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews guidelines was followed. Study titles and abstracts were screened by four independent reviewers. Data were extracted for both original and translated versions of eligible tools. Instrument quality assessments were performed using the Outcome Measures Rating Form Guidelines. Any discrepancies were resolved by consensus. RESULTS: Out of the 31 measurement tools examined, 18 tools had at least one translated version available, and among those original measurement tools, a total of 58 translated versions were identified. The most widely translated tool was the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children (12 languages), and the most frequently translated language was Chinese (7 tools). Most translated versions verified internal consistency and content validity. Only three translated versions were verified inter-rater reliability, and seven translated versions were tested criterion validity with the gold standard tools assessing participation of children (e.g., accelerometer, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory and four 24-h recalls). None of the translated versions were tested for intra-rater reliability and responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can support the selection of psychometrically sound tools for children with disabilities, given their culture and language, and tool quality.

Reliability and Validity of the Korean Child Sensory Profile-2.

IMPORTANCE: The Korean Child Sensory Profile-2 (K-CSP-2) is a tool for assessing sensory processing that was recently culturally adapted for use with Korean children. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the test-retest and interrater reliability and the convergent and discriminant validity of the K-CSP-2. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Community settings in South Korea. PARTICIPANTS: Caregivers of 102 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and 156 typically developing (TD) children ages 3-14 yr. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The K-CSP-2 was tested for reliability and validity using the Korean version of the Sensory Profile (K-SP) and the Korean Behavior Assessment System for Children-2 (K-BASC-2). RESULTS: The K-CSP-2 demonstrated good test-retest and interrater reliability. The K-CSP-2 was correlated with the K-SP and the K-BASC-2. Children with ASD had higher K-CSP-2 scores than TD children. The discriminant analysis classified children with ASD and TD children with an overall accuracy of 89%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The K-CSP-2 can be used to assess the sensory processing of Korean children consistently across time and raters. The instrument maintains the quadrant factors of the K-SP and relates to adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. The K-CSP-2 can distinguish children with ASD from TD children. What This Article Adds: Korean occupational therapy practitioners can use the K-CSP-2 to identify sensory processing patterns and to support the evaluation of children with ASD.

Difference in home participation patterns and environmental factors between Korean children with and without disabilities.

PURPOSE: To identify the participation patterns of Korean children with and without disabilities at home, and the environmental factors affecting their participation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Korean Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth were applied to 184 caregivers of children aged 5 to 13 years in South Korea. To explore home participation patterns and environmental factors at the item level, analysis of covariance, Pearson's chi-square tests, and radar plots were used. RESULTS: The largest group differences in participation frequency were in "school preparation" and "homework" and those at involvement level were in "indoor play and games," "getting together with other people," "school preparation," and "homework." More caregivers of children with disabilities desired changes in their children's participation in all activities. They also perceived that "physical, cognitive, and social demands of typical home activities," "supplies," and "money" hindered children's home participation. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide information about how Korean children participated in home-based activities, whether their caregivers desired changes in their participation, and what environmental factors impede their home participation. These can help service providers understand the interaction between participation and environmental factors and offer insight into where their service goals should be focused for the successful participation of children with disabilities at home.Implications for RehabilitationAs children with disabilities spend much time at home, their parents need to consider both how many times their children participate and how much they get involved in home-based activities.Rehabilitation service providers need to focus on whether parents are satisfied with their children's participation in home activities to decide where much effort is needed for meaningfully occupying children's time at home.The goal of rehabilitation services can be to mitigate a poor fit between children's abilities and the demands of activities for successful participation in home activities.Measuring not only the quantity of participation but also the quality of participation is helpful for setting a collaborative goal with parents to improve the participation of children with disabilities at home.

Psychometric properties of the Korean Motor-free Visual Perception Test-4 in healthy people.

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to cross-culturally adapt the Motor-free Visual Perception Test 4 (MVPT-4) for use in Korean contexts and examine its psychometric properties. METHODS: The Korean MVPT-4 (K-MVPT-4) was developed via the process of translation, back-translation, and expert committee review. To establish internal consistency, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity and construct validity of the K-MVPT-4, 295 healthy people aged 10 to 79 years participated in this study. Participants completed the measures for the test-retest reliability on two occasions, 2 weeks apart. RESULTS: After three steps of cross-cultural adaptation, the K-MVPT-4 was revised to improve its alignment with Korean cultural norms. Cronbach's α for internal consistency was .857 and intra-class correlation coefficient for test-retest reliability was .949. The K-MVPT-4 scores were significantly correlated with those of three motor-reduced subscales of the Korean Developmental Test of Visual Perception-Adolescent (K-DTVP-A) (r = .44-.46, p < .01). Participants' age significantly influenced the K-MVPT-4 scores (p < .001) while their gender did not affect those scores (p = .409). As the age increased, the K-MVPT-4 scores decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicated that the K-MVPT-4 is a reliable and valid test that Korean rehabilitation service providers can use with confidence to assess clients' visual perceptual abilities.

Participation, supports, and barriers of Korean children and youth with and without disabilities in the school environment.

Background: This study compared participation patterns of Korean children with and without disabilities at school and examined perceived environmental supports and barriers to their school participation.Methods: One hundred eighty four parents of Korean children, aged 5 to 13 years, with and without disabilities completed the Korean Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth. The item-level scores of Korean Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth were compared between children with and without disabilities using Analysis of covariance and Pearson chi-square tests.Results: In comparison with typically developing children, children with disabilities were less frequently participated and involved and their parents were more likely to desire the change of children's participation in all school activities. Parents of children with disabilities reported that child's physical, cognitive, and social demands, relationship with peers, programs and services, policies and procedures, and money are environmental barriers and personal and public transportation are environmental supports to school participation.Conclusions: Findings help to better understand school participation patterns of Korean children with disabilities and environmental supports and barriers to their participation. The knowledge can be used to support collaboration among school-related professionals for successful participation of children with disabilities at school.Implications for rehabilitationParents of children with disabilities need to focus on both how many times their children participate in school activities and how they get involved in those activities.Educators and therapists should consider in which types of change in school participation parents of children with disabilities are interested to select target activities and to modify them for successful school participation.Educators, therapists, and parents of children with disabilities should analyze the poor fits between functional limitation of children with disabilities and the physical, cognitive, and social demands of school activities for successful school participation.Using information about school participation patterns and environmental supports/barriers can support to better understand children with disabilities and strengthen partnerships among educators, therapists, and parents of children with disabilities for successful inclusion into school contexts.

Measuring Participation of Children and Environmental Factors at Home, School, and in Community: Construct Validation of the Korean PEM-CY.

AIMS: To determine construct validity of the Korean Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (KPEM-CY) in South Korea. METHODS: A total of 184 parents of children with (n = 80) and without disabilities (n = 104) aged 5 to 13 years completed the KPEM-CY. Construct validity was analyzed by assessing differences in the participation and environment scores for children with and without disabilities across age and gender. RESULTS: Validity of the KPEM-CY was supported by significant differences in participation and environmental factors for subgroups (p < .05). Children with disabilities participated less in typical activities and had more environmental barriers than those without disabilities across all settings. Parents of children with disabilities reported a higher level of desire to change their children's participation patterns. Similar participation patterns and environmental factors, which were influenced by interaction effects between disability and age, were confirmed at home and in the community. CONCLUSIONS: KPEM-CY is a valid measure to assess participation and environmental factors in home, school, and community settings for Korean children, aged 5-13 years, with and without disabilities.

Knowledge Translation from Research to Clinical Practice: Measuring Participation of Children with Disabilities.

This knowledge translation project was conducted to increase occupational therapy practitioners' awareness of the importance of measuring participation of children with disabilities. The Knowledge to Action process framework (KTA framework) guided knowledge translation via a web-based seminar (webinar) to practitioners working with children and educators teaching in occupational therapy programs in South Korea. Two hundred and seventy six views of the webinar were recorded within a month and 15 practitioners and 13 educators completed the online evaluation survey. The participants indicated that the webinar helped them understand the participation concept and its associated measures and raised awareness of practitioners' current use of measurement and intervention that do not focus on participation of children with disabilities. This project led practitioners and educators to realize the importance of measuring participation of children with disabilities and contributes to inform the importance of knowledge translation science to facilitate the evidence-based practice.

Cross-cultural validation and psychometric evaluation of the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth in Korea.

PURPOSE: To develop the Korean version of the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (KPEM-CY) and examine its psychometric properties. METHOD: The PEM-CY was cross-culturally translated into Korean using a specific guideline: pre-review of participation items, forward/backward translation, expert committee review, pre-test of the KPEM-CY and final review. To establish internal consistency, test-retest reliability and construct validity of the KPEM-CY, 80 parents of children with disabilities aged 5-13 years were recruited in South Korea. RESULTS: Across the home, school and community settings, 76% of participation items and 29% of environment items were revised to improve their fit with Korean culture. Internal consistency was moderate to excellent (0.67-0.92) for different summary scores. Test-retest reliability was excellent (>0.75) in the summary scores of participation frequency and extent of involvement across the three settings and moderate to excellent (0.53-0.95) in all summary scores at home. Child's age, type of school and annual income were the factors that significantly influenced specific dimensions of participation and environment across all settings. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicated that the KPEM-CY is equivalent to the original PEM-CY and has initial evidence of reliability and validity for use with Korean children with disabilities. Implications for rehabilitation Because 'participation' is a key outcome of the rehabilitation, measuring comprehensive participation of children with disabilities is necessary. The PEM-CY is a parent-report survey measure to assess comprehensive participation of children and youth and environment, which affect their participation, at home, school and in the community. A cross-cultural adaptation process is mandatory to adapt the measurement tool to a new culture or country. The Korean PEM-CY has both reliability and validity and can therefore generate useful clinical data for Korean children with disabilities.

The role of occupational therapists in the contexts of a natural disaster: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: To identify and inform the experience and roles of occupational therapists (OTs) in the contexts of a natural disaster. METHOD: This scoping review was conducted via five steps: (1) identify the research question, (2) identify relevant academic articles published between 2000 and 2014 in English, (3) select articles based on the inclusion criteria, (4) chart the data and (5) collate, summarise, and report the results of the selected articles. The results were presented using descriptive numerical and thematic analyses. RESULTS: OTs can prepare a plan for evacuation of people with disabilities and their accommodation before a disaster occurs. Immediately after a disaster, they can provide emergency services for injuries and provide education and training in coping skills for psychological distress via a community-based rehabilitation approach. Consistent services for survivors' mental health and for building the OTs' capacity as part of disaster management are focussed on in the recovery phase. CONCLUSION: The potential roles of OTs across the spectrum of a natural disaster were identified via this scoping review. This review will help OTs to become involved in a disaster management system for vulnerable groups across the three phases of preparedness to, respond to and recovery from a disaster. Implication for Rehabilitation Occupational therapists can be involved in disaster management to prepare for, respond to and recover from a natural disaster. Consistent services for psychological distress are needed for people affected by a disaster to return to normalcy. Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) is an important approach to help a wider group of people respond to a natural disaster in a timely manner.