RESUMO
In humans, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) receptor deficiency leads to a predisposition to mycobacterial infections and impairs the formation of mature granulomas. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) receptor deficiency was found in otherwise healthy individuals with mycobacterial infections. Mature granulomas were seen, surrounded by T cells and centered with epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells, yet reduced IFN-gamma concentrations were found to be secreted by activated natural killer and T cells. Thus, IL-12-dependent IFN-gamma secretion in humans seems essential in the control of mycobacterial infections, despite the formation of mature granulomas due to IL-12-independent IFN-gamma secretion.
Assuntos
Interleucina-12/imunologia , Infecção por Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare/imunologia , Mycobacterium bovis , Receptores de Interleucina/genética , Tuberculose/imunologia , Animais , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Feminino , Granuloma/imunologia , Humanos , Hipersensibilidade Tardia , Interferon gama/biossíntese , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interferon gama/metabolismo , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação , Linhagem , Receptores de Interferon/genética , Receptores de Interferon/imunologia , Receptores de Interleucina/deficiência , Receptores de Interleucina-12 , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Receptor de Interferon gamaRESUMO
Stereotactic surgery requires knowledge of cerebral structures derived from more than one image source. We have developed a PC-AT-based workstation that accepts patient images, made with the stereotactic frame in place, from CT, MRI, and DSA modalities. Reference markers on the frame are identified in the images to establish the coordinate geometry for each modality. Target points may be identified on each image type and trajectories of probe paths to these points defined. Targets identified on one set of images may be transferred automatically to other images of the same patient in order to guarantee a vessel-free path of approach to a target point deep within the brain. To date several hundred patients have had stereotactic surgery performed on the basis of plans using this system. Procedures included biopsy and aspiration of lesions, implantation of electrodes for the recording of deep EEG signals, and radiosurgical techniques. We present clinical examples of the use of this system in typical stereotactic neurosurgery procedures, address stereoscopic applications, and discuss the results of intermodality tests to establish the accuracy of the technique.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/cirurgia , Microcomputadores , Planejamento de Assistência ao Paciente , Técnicas Estereotáxicas , Angiografia Digital , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/patologia , Sistemas Computacionais , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
In an urban settlement area with 6217 inhabitants, 1188 children of 0-71 months of age were weighed and measured in December 1978. Fourteen per cent of those more than nine months old were underweight for age. In February 1979 a measles epidemic started in the area and reached its peak in April. At least 236 of the children initially weighed caught the disease and 59 died of measles. Forty-nine of these had not been underweight in December 1978. In the age interval 9-35 months there was a tendency for measles death to be associated with a relatively low nutritional status. In a geographically-defined sub-population of the studied children, mean weight velocity from December to May was lower in those who had measles in the period than in those who did not contract it. The observations confirm the negative impact of measles on nutritional status. On the other hand, they question the supreme importance given to pre-existing malnutrition in explaining the high measles mortality in West African communities.
