Epidemiological characteristics of leukemia in China, 2005-2017: a log-linear regression and age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Leukemia is a threat to human health, and there are relatively few studies on the incidence, mortality and disease burden analysis of leukemia in China. This study aimed to analyze the incidence and mortality rates of leukemia in China from 2005 to 2017 and estimate their age-period-cohort effects, it is an important prerequisite for effective prevention and control of leukemia. METHODS: Leukemia incidence and mortality data from 2005 to 2017 were collected from the Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report. Joinpoint regression model was used to estimate the average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) response time trend. Age-period-cohort model was constructed to analyze the effects of age, period and cohort. RESULTS: The age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia was 4.54/100,000 from 2005 to 2017, showed an increasing trend with AAPC of 1.9% (95% CI: 1.3%, 2.5%). The age-standardized mortality rate was 2.91/100,000, showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2012 with APC of 2.1% (95%CI: 0.4%, 3.9%) and then a decreasing trend from 2012 to 2017 with APC of -2.5% (95%CI: -5.3%, 0.3%). The age-standardized incidence (mortality) rates of leukemia were not only higher in males than that in females, but also increased more rapidly. The incidence of leukemia in rural areas was lower than in urban areas, but the AAPC was 2.2 times higher than urban areas. Children aged 0-4 years were at higher risk of leukemia. The risk of leukemia incidence and mortality increased with age. The period effect of leukemia mortality risk showed a decreasing trend, while the cohort effect showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the turning point of 1955-1959. CONCLUSIONS: The age-standardized incidence rate of leukemia in China showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2017, while the age-standardized mortality rate increased first and then decreased in 2012 as a turning point. Differences existed by gender and region. The risk of leukemia incidence and mortality increased accordingly with age. The risk of mortality due to leukemia gradually decreased from 2005 to 2017. Leukemia remains a public health problem that requires continuous attention.

Fatal, non-fatal burden of cancer in the elderly in China, 2005-2016: a nationwide registry-based study.

BACKGROUND: As populations age, cancer burden becomes increasingly conspicuous. This study quantified the cancer burden of the elderly (≥ 60 years) in China, based on the China Cancer Registry Annual Report to provide epidemiological evidence for cancer prevention and control. METHODS: Data on cancer cases and deaths among the elderly aged ≥ 60 years were collected from the China Cancer Registry Annual Report, 2008-2019. Potential years of life lost (PYLL) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) were calculated to analyze fatalities and the non-fatal burden. The time trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint model. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, the PYLL rate of cancer in the elderly was stable between 45.34‰ and 47.62‰, but the DALY rate for cancer decreased at an average annual rate of 1.18% (95% CI: 0.84-1.52%). The non-fatal cancer burden in the rural elderly was higher than that of the urban elderly. Lung, gastric, liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers were the main cancers causing the cancer burden in the elderly, and accounted for 74.3% of DALYs. The DALY rate of lung cancer in females in the 60-64 age group increased (annual percentage change [APC] = 1.14%, 95% CI: 0.10-1.82%). Female breast cancer was one of the top five cancers in the 60-64 age group, with DALY rates that also increased (APC = 2.17%, 95% CI: 1.35-3.01%). With increasing age, the burden of liver cancer decreased, while that of colorectal cancer rose. CONCLUSIONS: From 2005 to 2016, the cancer burden in the elderly in China decreased, mainly reflected in the non-fatal burden. Female breast and liver cancer were a more serious burden in the younger elderly, while colorectal cancer burden was mainly observed in the older elderly.

Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mammalian Cell Cycle In Vitro: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Although most studies that explore the cytotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) have focused on cell viability and oxidative stress, the cell cycle, a basic process of cell life, can also be affected. However, the results on the effects of nano-TiO2 on mammalian cell cycle are still inconsistent. A systematic review and meta-analysis were therefore performed in this research based on the effects of nano-TiO2 on the mammalian cell cycle in vitro to explore whether nano-TiO2 can induce cell cycle arrest. Meanwhile, the impact of physicochemical properties of nano-TiO2 on the cell cycle in vitro was investigated, and the response of normal cells and cancer cells was compared. A total of 33 articles met the eligibility criteria after screening. We used Review Manager 5.4 and Stata 15.1 for analysis. The results showed an increased percentage of cells in the sub-G1 phase and an upregulation of the p53 gene after being exposed to nano-TiO2. Nevertheless, nano-TiO2 had no effect on cell percentage in other phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, subgroup analysis revealed that the cell percentage in both the sub-G1 phase of normal cells and S phase of cancer cells were significantly increased under anatase-form nano-TiO2 treatment. Moreover, nano-TiO2 with a particle size <25 nm or exposure duration of nano-TiO2 more than 24 h induced an increased percentage of normal cells in the sub-G1 phase. In addition, the cell cycle of cancer cells was arrested in the S phase no matter if the exposure duration of nano-TiO2 was more than 24 h or the exposure concentration was over 50 µg/mL. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that nano-TiO2 disrupted the cell cycle in vitro. The cell cycle arrest induced by nano-TiO2 varies with cell status and physicochemical properties of nano-TiO2.

Patterns of Life Lost to Cancers with High Risk of Death in China.

To inform public health policy and research, we analyzed the patterns of life lost to cancers and evaluated the cancer burden in China. Based on the published Chinese Cancer Registry Annual Report and related literature in 2013, we calculated the cancer-related mortality and potential years of life lost (PYLL) by age, sex, districts (urban or rural), to describe the patterns of life lost to cancers. The high death-risk cancers in China were lung, liver, stomach, esophageal, colorectal, breast, pancreatic, brain and nervous system, and ovarian cancers, and leukemia. Liver and esophageal cancers were more prominent among males, while breast and colorectal cancers were more prevalent among females. The most obvious differences of mortality between urban and rural areas were found in liver, esophageal, and colorectal cancers. Cancer-related mortality increased significantly after the age of 30 years, and peaking at 70-79 years. The PYLL rate of cancer in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas (21.49 vs. 19.20/1000), and significant regional and gender differences of PYLL ranks can be observed. For people aged over 60 years, cancer PYLL mainly came from lung, stomach, and esophageal cancers; for middle-aged people, it was mainly induced by liver, colorectal, and female reproductive systems' cancers; and for those under 30 years, life lost to cancer was mainly caused by leukemia and brain, nervous system cancers. Moreover, disparities in age distribution of PYLL from different regions and sexes can be found. In short, three categories of people, including those in urban areas, males and people over 60 years, were suffering from more serious cancer deaths and life lost. These variations pose considerable challenges for the Chinese health care system, and comprehensive measures are required for cancer prevention and treatment.

[Trend in the prevalence of prostate cancer in Shihezi, Xinjiang from 2009 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend in the prevalence and mortality of prostate cancer in Shihezi, Xinjiang from 2009 to 2017 and provide some evidence for the prevention and control of the malignance. METHODS: We collected the data on the cancer registries in the Shihezi area between 2009 and 2017, calculated the incidence and mortality rates of prostate cancer, and analyzed the annual percent change (APC) and prevalence trend of the disease. RESULTS: The crude incidence rate, age-standardized incidence rate by Chinese standard population (ASIRC), age-standardized incidence rate by world standard population (ASIRW) and cumulative incidence rate of prostate cancer (in 0－74-year-olds) in Shihezi between 2009 and 2017 were 16.94, 10.33, 8.98 and 2.29 per 100 000, respectively. The crude mortality rate, age-standardized mortality rate by Chinese standard population (ASMRC), age-standardized mortality rate by world standard population (ASMRW) and cumulative incidence rate (in 0－74-year-olds) were 9.03, 5.39 and 4.72 and 0.49 per 100 000, respectively. Both the incidence and mortality rates showed an increasing trend from 2009 to 2017, with an APC of 16.69% (P < 0.05) and 19.71% (P < 0.05), respectively. From 2011 to 2017, the increase rates of incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in the >60-year-olds were 86.20% and 89.30%, with the peak values shifted from the 70－74 to the 80－84 years old males. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in Shihezi showed an increasing trend from 2009 to 2017, chiefly in the males aged over 60 years, with the peak value moving towards an older age.