Copper-Metallized Porous N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand Polymer-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective 1,2-Carboboration of Alkynes.

Alkenylboronates are highly versatile building blocks and valuable reagents in the synthesis of complex molecules. Compared with that of monosubstituted alkenylboronates, the synthesis of multisubstituted alkenylboronates is challenging. The copper-catalyzed carboboration of alkynes is an operationally simple and straightforward method for synthesizing bis/trisubstituted alkenylboronates. In this work, a series of copper-metallized N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) ligand porous polymer catalysts are designed and synthesized in accordance with the mechanism of carboboration. By using CuCl@POL-NHC-Ph as the optimal nanocatalyst, this study realizes the ß-regio- and stereoselective (syn-addition) 1,2-carboboration of alkynes (regioselectivity up to >99:1) with satisfactory yields and a wide range of substrates. This work not only overcomes the selectivity of carboboration but also provides a new strategy for the design of nanocatalysts and their application in organic synthesis.

Decomposition and Decoupling Analysis of CO2 Emissions Based on LMDI and Two-Dimensional Decoupling Model in Gansu Province, China.

Currently, little attention has been paid to reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of Gansu, and the two-dimensional decoupling model has been rarely used to study the relationship between the economic development and CO2 emissions, especially in western China (e.g., Gansu). Thus, here, we first used the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) to decompose the driving factors of Gansu's CO2 emissions between 2000-2017 and then analyzed the decoupling relationship by using the two-dimensional model. Results showed: (1) Gansu's CO2 emissions increased from 7805.70 × 104 t in 2000 to 19,896.05 × 104 t in 2017. The secondary industry accounted for the largest proportion in Gansu's CO2 emissions, followed by the tertiary industry and the primary industry. (2) The economic output showed the dominant driving effect on Gansu's CO2 emissions growth with the cumulative contribution rate of 201.94%, followed by the effects of industrial structure, population size, and energy structure, and their cumulative contribution rates were 9.68%, 7.81%, and 3.05%, respectively. In contrast, the energy intensity effect presented the most obvious mitigating effect with the cumulative contribution rate of -122.49%. (3) The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) between CO2 emissions and economic growth was demonstrated the inverted U-shape in Gansu. The two-dimensional decoupling status was the low level-weak decoupling (WD-LE) during 2000-2017. Thus, dropping the proportion of the secondary industry, reducing the use of carbon-intensive fuel like coal, introducing advanced technologies, and increasing the investment of new energy might effectively restrain the growth of Gansu's CO2 emissions.

Halogen-mediated electrochemical organic synthesis.

In general, halogenide anions are anodically oxidized into active species, which can be elemental halogen, halogen cations, or halogen radicals. These species subsequently react with substrates, such as olefins, ketones, or amines, to generate halogenated products. We review the mechanisms of these reactions.

Assessment of surface water quality in Lushan: a world heritage sites in China.

Surface water is one of the important landscape resources in tourist attractions. Due to tourism activities, the surface water quality (SWQ) in scenic was often damaged. An example of the Lushan Scenic, the SWQ, was analyzed and evaluated by water sampling and laboratory analysis methods. The results explained that the SWQ of Lushan Scenic was seriously damaged. The comprehensive index explained that the SWQ of seven sampling dots was from mild pollution to extreme pollution. The main pollutants were ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, and the TN and TP were the most serious. According to the data of tourists in 2017, the emergency water capacity stored by reservoirs was 32.5 days if there was no raining in Lushan Scenic. The main factors affecting the SWQ were tourism activities, such as tourists, hotels, restaurants, and other commercial activities, and pollutants discharged from domestic water were not completely treated in Lushan Scenic.

Use it or not: An agro-ecological perspective to flooded riparian land along the Three Gorges Reservoir.

The extensive flooded land associated with the Three Gorges Reservoir, poses a great social and environmental challenge, yet it is a potential valuable land and sociological resource for resolving human-land conflicts in the surrounding communities. Controversies arose over use or non-use of such land among local communities and authorities; and different management strategies were adopted. We compared two representative ecosystems, Wuyang Bay in small-scale agricultural use through opportunistic farming, and Baijiaxi Bay in a state of natural succession, and learned the challenges-cum-opportunities regarding sustainability through an agro-ecological perspective. We integrated the plant diversity, water quality improvement, market production services and people's attitudes to obtain a holistic evaluation of the socio-ecological and economic benefits delivered by two bays. Significant differences were found: Wuyang Bay performed much better than Baijiaxi Bay in terms of plant diversity maintenance and people's acceptance. Regarding the concerns about impacts on reservoir water, Wuyang Bay has lower TN, and NH4-N concentrations than Baijiaxi Bay. This may be because of the decomposition of a large amount of naturally grown-drowned vegetation in Baijiaxi Bay. Emergy analysis showed that the economic efficiency of Wuyang Bay is better than other similar systems given its limited growing season. However, this is at the expense of the environment through chemical fertilisers and pesticides seeping into the reservoir waters. Strictly speaking, Wuyang Bay cannot be counted as a sustainable agro-ecosystem although it hints at many practical merits, such as integrating natural landscape elements in fields, and employing multiple crops in spatial and temporal patterns. Our study offers new insights into the impacts of world's largest reservoir construction on the livelihoods of nearby communities on a small scale and the possible solutions. With the use-or-not contradiction, the government should offer appropriate policies and technical support to incentivise farmers to a more sustainable, multi-functional living landscape.

Multi-perspective comparisons and mitigation implications of SO2 and NO x discharges from the industrial sector of China: a decomposition analysis.

This study is the first attempt to investigate the drivers of Chinese industrial SO2 and NO x emissions from both periodic and structural perspectives through a decomposition analysis using the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI). The two pollutants' emissions were decomposed into output effects, structural effects, clean production effects, and pollution abatement effects. The results showed that China's industrial SO2 discharge increased by 1.14 Mt during 2003-2014, and the contributions from the four effects were 23.17, - 1.88, - 3.80, and - 16.36 Mt, respectively. Likewise, NO x discharge changed by - 3.44 Mt over 2011-2014, and the corresponding contributions from the four effects were 2.97, - 0.62, - 1.84, and - 3.95 Mt. Thus, the output effect was mainly responsible for the growth of the two discharges. The average annual contribution rates of SO2 and NO x from output were 14.33 and 5.97%, respectively, but pollution abatement technology presented the most obvious mitigating effects (- 10.11 and - 7.92%), followed by the mitigating effects of clean production technology (- 2.35 and - 3.7%), and the mitigation from the structural effect was the weakest (- 1.16 and - 1.25%, respectively), which meant pollutant reduction policies related to industrial structure adjustment should be a long-term measure for the two discharges. In addition, the sub-sectors of I20 (manufacture of raw chemical materials and chemical products), I24 (manufacture of non-metallic mineral products), and I26 (smelting and pressing of non-ferrous metals) were the major contributors to both discharges. Thus, these sub-sectors should be given priority consideration when designing mitigation-related measures. Last, some particular policy implications were recommended for reducing the two discharges, including that the government should seek a technological discharge reduction route.

Haploidentical hematopoietic SCT using helical tomotherapy for total-body irradiation and targeted dose boost in patients with high-risk/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

A novel conditioning regimen using helical tomotherapy (HT) was developed to deliver 10 Gy for total body irradiation (TBI) and simultaneously augment dose to 12 Gy for targeted dose boost to total marrow, central nervous system leukemia, and extramedullary disease sites in patients with high-risk or relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) receiving haploidentical allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Fourteen patients were included, eight of these patients were in first complete remission (CR1), one was in CR2, one had a partial response and four patients had refractory disease at transplantation. The median delivered average dose was 11.395 Gy (range 10.06-12.17). The median planning target volume D95 was 8.2 Gy (range 7.52-9.01). The median delivered dose to skeleton bone with active bone marrow sites was 12.685 Gy (range 11.12-13.52). The results of this trial suggest that using HT TBI confers satisfactory immunosuppression and excellent eradication of malignant cells in patients with high-risk ALL undergoing allo-HSCT, especially in those with refractory ALL. After a median follow-up of 14.6 months (range 4-28), four patients experienced non-relapse mortality, ten patients are alive in durable CR including remission of extramedullary leukemic infiltration. One-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates post-transplantation were both 70.7%.