Characteristics and Treatment Strategy of Isolated Calf Deep Venous Thrombosis after Fractures: A Review of Recent Literature.

Isolated calf deep venous thrombosis (ICDVT) includes thrombosis located at the far end of the popliteal vein, such as the anterior tibial vein, posterior tibial vein, fibular vein, and intramuscular vein of the soleus and gastrocnemius. This type of thrombosis has the highest incidence, accounting for approximately half of all deep vein thrombosis (DVT) cases; however, there is no consistent recommendation for ICDVT treatment across countries, and there is also no optimal management strategy. In recent years, increasing evidence has shown that ICDVT can develop into proximal DVT, even causing pulmonary embolism (PE). Therefore, some experts suggest anticoagulant therapy for this type of DVT, while others hold an opposing attitude. Therefore, the treatment strategy for this type of DVT has become a hot and difficult research topic. The purpose of this review is to summarize the characteristics of ICDVT and the effects of different treatment strategies by analyzing recent and important classical works in the literature in an attempt to provide recommendations for the treatment of this most common type of DVT in orthopaedic clinics.

The Potential Liver, Brain, and Embryo Toxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Mice.

Nanoscale titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) has been widely used in industry and medicine. However, the safety of nano-TiO2 exposure remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the liver, brain, and embryo toxicity and the underlying mechanism of nano-TiO2 using mice models. The results showed that titanium was distributed to and accumulated in the heart, brain, spleen, lung, and kidney of mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) nano-TiO2 exposure, in a dose-dependent manner. The organ/body weight ratios of the heart, spleen, and kidney were significantly increased, and those of the brain and lung were decreased. High doses of nano-TiO2 significantly damaged the functions of liver and kidney and glucose and lipid metabolism, as showed in the blood biochemistry tests. Nano-TiO2 caused damages in mitochondria and apoptosis of hepatocytes, generation of reactive oxygen species, and expression disorders of protective genes in the liver of mice. We found ruptured and cracked nerve cells and inflammatory cell infiltration in the brain. We also found that the activities of constitutive nitric oxide synthases (cNOS), inducible NOS (iNOS), and acetylcholinesterase, and the levels of nitrous oxide and glutamic acid were changed in the brain after nano-TiO2 exposure. Ex vivo mouse embryo models exhibited developmental and genetic toxicity after high doses of nano-TiO2. The size of nano-TiO2 particles may affect toxicity, larger particles producing higher toxicity. In summary, nano-TiO2 exhibited toxicity in multiple organs in mice after exposure through i.p. injection and gavage. Our study may provide data for the assessment of the risk of nano-TiO2 exposure on human health.

Ethyl 3-bromo-4-cyano-5-[(2-eth-oxy-2-oxoeth-yl)sulfan-yl]thio-phene-2-carboxyl-ate.

The title compound, C12H12BrNO4S2, was obtained by the Sandmeyer reaction from ethyl 3-amino-4-cyano-5-[(2-eth-oxy-2-oxoeth-yl)sulfan-yl]thio-phene-2-carboxyl-ate. The dihedral angle between the thiophene ring and linked CO2 ester group is 2.0 (5)°.

6,7-Difluoro-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-quin-oxa-line-5,8-dicarbonitrile.

In the title compound, C10H6F2N4, the Car-N bonds are slightly shortened with respect to a standard aniline C-N bond [1.3580 (16) and 1.3618 (16) versus 1.39 Å], thus indicating some π-π conjgation with the electron-acceptor CN groups. The mol-ecule, except for two C atom of the ethyl-ene bridge, is nearly planar, the largest deviation of the other non-H atoms from the mean plane being 0.309 (2) Å. The N-C-C-N torsion angle involving the ethyl-ene bridge is 50.23 (18)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected by pairs of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds into chains along [21-1].

3,4,5-Trimeth-oxy-phenol.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(9)H(12)O(4), consists of two crystallographically independent mol-ecules with similar conformations: essentially planar [r.m.s deviations for C(6)O(4) = 0.0057 and 0.0137 Å] except for the central meth-oxy-methyl group [C-C-O-C torsion angles = 83.3 (2) and 83.9 (2)°]. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules, generating supra-molecular chains along the b axis.The three-dimensional crystal structure is stabilized by C-H⋯O and C-H⋯π inter-actions.

[Determination of antioxidant residues in polymer food package using gas chromatography].

A new method for the determination of antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in plastic food package by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (ECD) was developed. The antioxidants were extracted by cyclohexane with ultrasonic extraction, separated by an HP-50 + chromatographic column (30 m x 0.53 mm x 1 microm) and quantified by external standard method with an ECD detector. The average recoveries of antioxidants were 88% -93%, 92% - 101% and 83% -97% for BHT, BHA and TBHQ, respectively, at the spiking levels of 3.00 - 10.0 mg/kg. The corresponding relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 5) were 2.01% - 2.89%, 2.11% - 3.19% and 2.99% - 4.02%, respectively. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 0.5, 0.5 and 0.8 mg/kg for BHT, BHA and TBHQ, respectively. The proposed method has been applied to the analysis of 5 kinds of polymer food package. The results indicated that all the above antioxidants were found in the practical polymer food package samples. Plastic food package contained BHT and BHA with the concentrations varying from 6.3 to 7.8 mg/kg and rubber food package contained all the three antioxidants with the concentrations varying from 9.3 to 28.4 mg/kg. This method is accurate, sensitive, highly reproducible and suitable for the analysis of residual antioxidants in polymer food package.