Development of a cyclic voltammetry method for the detection of Clostridium novyi in black disease.

Black disease is an acute disease of sheep and cattle. The pathogen is the obligate anaerobe, Clostridium novyi. Due to difficulties of anaerobic culturing in the country or disaster sites, a simple, rapid, and sensitive method is required. In this study, an electrochemical method, the cyclic voltammetry method, basing on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), electrochemical ion bonding (positive dye, methylene blue), was introduced. DNA extracted from C. novyi specimens was amplified through the LAMP reaction. Then the products combined were with methylene blue, which lead to a reduction in the oxidation peak current (ipA) and the reduction peak current (ipC) of the cyclic voltammetry. The changes of ipA/ipC were real-time measured by special designed electrode, so the DNA was quantitatively detected. The results displayed that this electrochemical detection of C. novyi could be completed in 1-2 h with the lowest bacterial concentration of 10(2) colony forming units/mL, and high accuracy (96.5%), sensitivity (96%), and specificity (97%) compared to polymerase chain reation. The cyclic voltammetry method was a simple and fast method, with high sensitivity and high specificity, and has great potential to be a usable molecular tool for fast diagnosis of Black disease.

DNA detection of Clostridium difficile infection based on real-time resistance measurement.

We used a newly developed electrochemical method, real-time resistance measurement, based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), with real-time resistance monitoring and derivative analysis. DNA extracted from specimens was amplified through LAMP reaction. The 2 products of LAMP, DNA and pyrophosphate, both are negative ions; they combine with positive dye (crystal violet) and positive ions (Mg(2+)), which leads to an increase in the resistivity of the reaction liquid. The changes of resistivity were measured in real-time with a specially designed resistance electrode, to detect Clostridium difficile DNA. We found that electrochemical detection of C. difficile could be completed in 0.5-1 h, with a detection limit of 10(2) CFU/mL, with high accuracy (95.0%), sensitivity (91.1%), and specificity (97.3%) compared to PCR methods. C. difficile is commonly associated with antibiotic-induced diarrhea. Due to the difficulty in performing anaerobic culture and cytotoxicity neutralization assays, a simple, rapid, sensitive, and accurate method is preferred. We conclude that real-time resistance measurement is a rapid, sensitive, and stable method for the diagnosis of C. difficile infection that could be applied to gene chips and pocket instruments.